Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society (한국도서관정보학회지)

Korean Library and Information Science Society (한국도서관정보학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Origin and Transformation of the Word 'Library' in the Ancient World

고대 도서관 명칭의 기원과 변용

  • 윤희윤 (대구대학교 문헌정보학과)
  • Received : 2021.11.28
  • Accepted : 2021.12.02
  • Published : 2021.12.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This study traced the origin and transformation of word library linked with archives in the ancient Near East, and Greece and Rome. First, the word library has two origins. One is derived from the Latin bibliothēkē from the ancient Greek βιβλιοθήκη. The first trace is Pollux's Onomasticon in the second half of the 2nd century, and if considered as a set of literature texts, it is Lipsius's De Bibliothecis Syntagma in 1602. The other was established as an library in the early 14th century after Latin libraria (or librarium) was translated into Old French librairie (or librarie). The word library was coined by Chaucer in 1374. Second, the clay tablet repository that existed in the ancient Near East is close to an archive, but the official name is unknown. However, the Ashurbanipal clay tablet archive is far from the principle of respect for original order and origins emphasized by the archivists, so it is not a royal archive, but a prototype of the royal library. And the official name of the Library of Alexandria was 'Βιβλιοθήκη της Αλεξάνδρειας', and then it was changed to 'ALEXANDRINA BYBLIOTHECE'. Third, In ancient Greece and Rome, archives and libraries were separated. Greece libraries were at the level of a small libraries attached to gymnasiums, and had few independent titles. The names of the Roman libraries often attached to the public baths were mixed with βιβλιοθήκη and Bibliotheca. Finally, the ancient library was succeeded to the cathedral bibliothek, and was transformed into 'bayt al-hikmah' in the Islamic Empire. In Japan, China, and Korea, Japanese-Chinese word library was accepted at the end of the 19th century, but there are many issues that require follow-up research.

본 연구는 고대 근동 및 그리스·로마의 기록관과 연계한 도서관 명칭의 기원과 변용을 추적하였다. 첫째, 도서관이란 말의 기원은 두 갈래다. 하나는 고대 그리스어 βιβλιοθήκη에서 라틴어 bibliothēkē가 파생되었고 최초 흔적은 2세기 후반 폴룩스의 「Onomasticon」이고, 문헌 텍스트 집합으로 간주하면 1602년 립시우스의 「De Bibliothecis Syntagma」다. 다른 하나는 라틴어 libraria가 고대 프랑스어 librairie로 변용된 후 14세기 초 library로 정착되었다. 영어 library는 1374년 초서가 조어하였다. 둘째, 고대 근동의 점토판 보존소는 기록관에 가깝지만 공식 명칭은 알 수 없다. 그러나 아슈르바니팔 점토판 보존소는 기록학계의 원질서 존중 및 출처주의 원칙과 거리가 멀기 때문에 왕실기록관이 아닌 왕립도서관의 원형이다. 알렉산드리아도서관의 공식 명칭은 'Βιβλιοθήκη της Αλεξάνδρειας'이었고 'ALEXANDRINA BYBLIOTHECE'로 변용되었다. 셋째, 고대 그리스·로마에서는 기록관과 도서관이 분리되었다. 그리스 도서관은 체육관 부설 도서실 수준이었고, 독립된 명칭은 거의 없었다. 목욕탕에 많이 부설된 로마 도서관의 명칭은 βιβλιοθήκη과 Bibliotheca이 혼용되었다. 마지막으로 고대 도서관은 중세 수도원 도서관으로 계승되었고, 이슬람제국에서는 '바이트 알-히크마'로 변용되었다. 한중일에서는 19세기말 화제한어 도서관이 수용되었으나 쟁점이 많아 후속연구가 필요하다.

Keywords

References

  1. Arksey, L. (1977). The Library of Assurbanipal, king of the world. Wilson Library Bulletin, 51, 832-840.
  2. Bradscher, J. G. (1985). Ebla's royal archives. Information Development, 1(4), 238-243. https://doi.org/10.1177/026666698500100410
  3. Cartwright, M. (2019). Libraries in the ancient world. Available: https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1428/libraries-in-the-ancient-world/
  4. Castel, C. (2000). Archives and libraries in the ancient near east 1500-300 B.C. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 120(3), 480-481. https://doi.org/10.2307/606032
  5. Chisholm, H. ed. (1911). Apellicon. In Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2(11th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  6. Delhey, M. et al. (2015). Wordlists for libraries and closely related phenomena in different manuscript cultures from Asia, Africa and Europe. CSMC-Occasional Paper, 2, 1-27.
  7. Dumper, M. & Stanley, B. E. (2007). Cities of the Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO.
  8. Eduscapes, Ancient Libraries: 600s BCE. Available: http://eduscapes.com/history/ancient/600bce.htm
  9. Fournet, J.-L. et al. (2018). Archives and Libraries in Greco-Roman Egypt. Manuscripts and Archives: Comparative Views on Record-Keeping. New York: De Gruyter.
  10. Geller, M. J. (2018). Library or archive in Qumran?: the view from Mesopotamia. Henoch, 40(1), 9, 8-13.
  11. Grunbart, M. (2018). Securing and Preserving Written Documents in Byzantium. In Manuscripts and Archives: Comparative Views on Record-Keeping, Alessandro, Bausi-Christian, Brockmann-Michael Friedrich, Sabine Kienitz eds. Berlin: De Gruyter.
  12. Haikal, F. M. (2008). Private collections and temple libraries in ancient Egypt. In What Happened to the Ancient Library of Alexandria?, Mostafa El-Abbadi, Omnia Fathallah, Ismail Serageldin, eds. Leiden: Brill.
  13. Harris, M. H. (1999). History of Libraries of the Western World, 4th ed. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press.
  14. Hendrickson, T. G. (2013). Life and Libraries in the Roman World. Doctoral dissertation, UC Berkeley, United States.
  15. Hirst, K. K. (2017). The Library of Ashurbanipal: 2,600 year-old Mesopotamian books, Available: https://www.thoughtco.com/library-of-ashurbanipal-171549
  16. IFLA (2020). Library map of the world. Available: https://librarymap.ifla.org/map
  17. Kupfer, D. C. (2010). Chaucer, books, and the poetic library. Library Philosophy and Practice(ejournal). Available: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/429
  18. Liddell, H. G. et al. (1996). A Greek-English Lexicon, 9th ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  19. Lutz, C. E. (1978). The oldest library Motto: ψγxhσ latpeion. Library Quarterly, 48(1), 36-39. https://doi.org/10.1086/629993
  20. Maltby, A. (1978). Sayer's Manual of Classification for Librarians, 5th ed. London: Andre Deutsch.
  21. Mamoli, M. (2014). Towards a Theory of Reconstructing Ancient Libraries. Doctoral dissertation, Georgia Institute of Technology, United States.
  22. Moorey, P. R. S. (1991). A Century of Biblical Archaeology. Westminster: John Knox Press.
  23. Naveh, J. (1982). Early History of the Alphabet: An Introduction to West Semitic Epigraphy and Palaeography. Jerusalem: Magnes Press.
  24. Online Etymology Dictionary. Origin and meaning of library. Available: https://www.etymonline.com/word/library
  25. Pedersen, O. (1986). Archives and Libraries in the City of Assur. A Survey of the Material from the German Excavations, part I: 1985, part II: 1986. Uppsala: Uppsala University.
  26. Pedersen, O. (1998). Archives and Libraries in the Ancient Near East 1500-300 B.C.. Bethesda: CDL Press.
  27. Pettinato, G. (1976). The royal archives of Tell Mardikh-Ebla. The Biblical Archaeologist, 39(2), 44-52. https://doi.org/10.2307/3209352
  28. Pfeifer, W. (1989). Etymologisches Worterbuch des Deutschen. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
  29. Platthy, J. (1968). Sources on the Earliest Greek Libraries, with the Testimonia. Amsterdam: Adolf M. Hakkert.
  30. Porcaro, D. S. (2002). Sacred libraries in the temples of the Near East. Studia Antiqua, 2(1), 63-70.
  31. Prag, J. R. W. (2007). Auxilia and gymnasia: a Sicilian model of Roman imperialism. Journal of Roman Studies, 97(1), 68-100. https://doi.org/10.3815/000000007784016061
  32. Rajesh, N. & Balamurugan, K. (2020). History of library: a panoramic view. European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(8), 5681-5684.
  33. Walker, T. D. (1991). Justus Lipsius and the historiography of libraries. Libraries & Culture, 26(1), 49-65.
  34. Weitemeyer, M. (1956). Archive and library technique in ancient Mesopotamia. Libri, 6(3), 217-238. https://doi.org/10.1515/libr.1956.6.1-4.217
  35. Wellisch, H. H. (1981). Ebla: the world's oldest library. Journal of Library History, 16(3), 488-500.
  36. Yegul, F. K. (2010). Bathing in the Roman World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.