파킨슨병 치료에서 턱관절음양균형요법의 활용 가능성에 대한 소고

A Study on the Applicability of TMJ Balancing Therapy for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease

  • 채인철 (대전대학교 한의과대학 심계내과학교실) ;
  • 이영준 (이영준 한의원, 턱관절통합의학연구소) ;
  • 유호룡 (대전대학교 한의과대학 심계내과학교실)
  • Chae, In-Cheol (Department of Cardiology and Neurology of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University) ;
  • Lee, Young-Jun (Lee Young Jun Clinic of Korean Medicine, Institute of TMJ Integrative Medicine) ;
  • Yoo, Ho-Ryong (Department of Cardiology and Neurology of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University)
  • 투고 : 2021.11.15
  • 심사 : 2021.11.29
  • 발행 : 2021.12.20

초록

There are many studies that show the association between Parkinson's disease and temporomandibular joint disorder. However, no clinical studies have yet been reported that TMJ Banlancing Therapy (TBT) can treat Parkinson's disease. In this study, the applicability of TBT for the treatment of Parkinson's disease was investigated by reviewing several studies on the factors related to Parkinson's disease and temporomandibular joint disorder and clinical studies of patients with Parkinson's disease using conventional oral appliances and exercises. In summary, it is considered that TBT has a high potential for use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, but it is thought that prospective clinical research is needed in the future to establish objective evidence related to this.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Reichmann H. Clinical criteria for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Neurodegener Dis. 2010;7(5):284-90. https://doi.org/10.1159/000314478
  2. Lang AE, Lozano AM. Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med. 1998; 339(16):1130-43. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199810153391607
  3. Wirdefeldt K, Adami HO, Cole P, Trichopoulos D, Mandel J. Epidemiology and etiology of Parkinson's disease: a review of the evidence. Eur J Epidemiol. 2011;26(1)S1-S58.
  4. Shulman JM, De Jager PL, Feany MB. Parkinson's disease: genetics and pathogenesis. Annu Rev Pathol. 2011;6:193-222. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130242
  5. de Lau LM, Breteler MM. Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5(6):525-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(06)70471-9
  6. Elbaz A, Carcaillon L, Kab S, Moisan F. Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2016;172(1):14-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurol.2015.09.012
  7. Wong SL, Gilmour H, Ramage-Morin PL. Parkinson's disease: Prevalence, diagnosis and impact. Health Rep. 2014;25(11):10-4.
  8. Hirtz D, Thurman DJ, Gwinn-Hardy K, Mohamed M, Chaudhuri AR, Zalutsky R. How common are the "common" neurologic disorders? Neurology. 2007;68(5):326-37. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000252807.38124.a3
  9. Dorsey ER, Constantinescu R, Thompson JP, Biglan KM, Holloway RG, Kieburtz K, et al. Projected number of people with Parkinson disease in the most populous nations, 2005 through 2030. Neurology. 2007;68(5):384-6. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000247740.47667.03
  10. Adler CH. Premotor symptoms and early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Int J Neurosci. 2011;121(suppl 2):3-8. https://doi.org/10.3109/00207454.2011.620192
  11. American Academy of Orofacial Pain. 22nd Meeting on Orofacial Pain and Temporomandibular Disorders. San Diego, California, February 14-16, 1997. Abstracts. J Orofac Pain. 1997;11(2):178-86.
  12. Speciali JG, Dach F. Temporomandibular dysfunction and headache disorder. Headache. 2015;55(Suppl 1):72-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.12515
  13. Manfredini D, Lobbezoo F. Relationship between bruxism and temporomandibular disorders: a systematic review of literature from 1998 to 2008. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. 2010;109(6):e26-e50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.02.013
  14. Friedlander AH, Mahler M, Norman KM, Ettinger RL. Parkinson disease: systemic and orofacial manifestations, medical and dental management. J Am Dent Assoc. 2009;140(6):658-69. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2009.0251
  15. Bakke M, Larsen SL, Lautrup C, Karlsborg M. Orofacial function and oral health in patients with Parkinsons disease. Eur J Oral Sci. 2011;119(1):27-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0722.2010.00802.x
  16. van Stiphout MAE, Marinus J, van Hilten JJ, Lobbezoo F, de Baat C. Oral health of Parkinson's disease patients: A case-control study. Parkinsons Dis. 2018;2018:9315285.
  17. Donizetti Verri E, da Silva GP, Marianetti Fioco E, Soares da Silva N, Valin Fabrin SC, Augusto Bueno Zanella C, et al. Effects of Parkinson's disease on molar bite force, electromyographic activity and muscle thickness of the masseter, temporal and sternocleidomastoid muscles: A case-control study. J Oral Rehabil. 2019;46(10):912-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12824
  18. Silva TV de A, Coriolano M das GW de S, Lins CC dos SA. Temporomandibular joint dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease: an integrative literature review. Rev CEFAC. 2017;19(5):702-11. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0216201719516416
  19. Choi HG, Yoon JH, Chung TH, Min CY, Yoo DM, Wee JH, et al. Association between Temporomandibular Joint Disorder and Parkinson's Disease. Brain Sci. 2021;11(6):747. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060747
  20. Chen YY, Fan HC, Tung MC, Chang YK. The association between Parkinson's disease and temporomandibular disorder. PLoS One. 2019;14(6):e0217763. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217763
  21. Lee YJ. TMJ balancing therapy. 1st ed. Paju:Fishwood. 2019:39,46-7,71,74,92-106,194,228-9,232,254-5,545-6.
  22. Lee Young Jun Clinic of Korean Medicine. FCST treatment case of Parkinson's disease. (2021 Nov 14). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsBiS-o0yeY
  23. Lee Young Jun Clinic of Korean Medicine. FCST treatment case of tremors of hands and legs. (2021 Nov 14). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6DG7eublG6c
  24. Lee Young Jun Clinic of Korean Medicine. FCST treatment case of Parkinson's disease. (2021 Nov 14). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOjcoFcSlb4
  25. YJ Care Clinic. An immediate reaction through FCST treatment. (2021 Nov 14). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4HjAojQAVls
  26. YJ Care Clinic. Parkinson's disease / facial paralysis / paresthesia. (2021 Nov 14). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pY0bkr7abHc&list=PL9URJ4_X0LGTydj2xvDBZDbnyMk70GAuR&index=9
  27. Zlotnik Y, Balash Y, Korczyn AD, Giladi N, Gurevich T. Disorders of the oral cavity in Parkinson's disease and parkinsonian syndromes. Parkinsons Dis. 2015;2015:379482.
  28. List T, Axelsson S. Management of TMD: evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses. J Oral Rehabil. 2010;37(6):430-51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2010.02089.x
  29. Verhoeff MC, Koutris M, van Selms MKA, Brandwijk AN, Heres MS, Berendse HW, et al. Is dopaminergic medication dose associated with self-reported bruxism in Parkinson's disease? A cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study. Clin Oral Investig. 2021;25(5):2545-53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-020-03566-0
  30. Manfredini D, Winocur E, Guarda-Nardini L, Paesani D, Lobbezoo F. Epidemiology of bruxism in adults: a systematic review of the literature. J Orofac Pain. 2013;27(2):99-110. https://doi.org/10.11607/jop.921
  31. Verhoeff MC, Lobbezoo F, Wetselaar P, Aarab G, Koutris M. Parkinson's disease, temporomandibular disorders and bruxism: A pilot study. J Oral Rehabil. 2018;45(11):854-63. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12697
  32. Quintero A, Ichesco E, Schutt R, Myers C, Peltier S, Gerstner GE. Functional connectivity of human chewing: an fcMRI study. J Dent Res. 2013;92(3):272-8. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022034512472681
  33. van der Bilt A. Assessment of mastication with implications for oral rehabilitation: a review. J Oral Rehabil. 2011;38(10):754-80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2010.02197.x
  34. Gaszynska E, Kopacz K, Fronczek-Wojciechowska M, Padula G, Szatko F. Electromyographic activity of masticatory muscles in elderly women - a pilot study. Clin Interv Aging. 2017;12:111-6. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S118338
  35. de Costa Silva PF, Biasotto-Gonzalez DA, Motta LJ, Silva SM, Ferrari RAM, Fernandes KPS, et al. Impact in oral health and the prevalence of temporomandibular disorder in individuals with Parkinson's disease. J Phys Ther Sci. 2015;27(3):887-91. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.27.887
  36. Ribeiro GR, Campos CH, Rodrigues Garcia RCM. Parkinson's disease impairs masticatory function. Clin Oral Investig. 2017;21(4):1149-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-016-1879-z
  37. Prete BRJ, Ouanounou A. Medical Management, Orofacial Findings, and Dental Care for the Patient with Parkinson's Disease. J Can Dent Assoc. 2021;87:l10.
  38. da Silva N, Verri E, Palinkas M, Hallak J, Regalo S, Siessere S. Impact of Parkinson's disease on the efficiency of masticatory cycles: Electromyographic analysis. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal. 2019; 24(3):e314-e318.
  39. Ferreira B, Da Silva GP, Goncalves CR, Arnoni VW, Siessere S, Swmprini M et al. Stomatognathic function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: a case-control study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2016;58(5): 516-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/dmcn.13094
  40. Tan EK, Jankovic J. Hemifacial spasm and hypertension: how strong is the association?. Mov Disord. 2000;15(2):363-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/1531-8257(200003)15:2<363::AID-MDS1037>3.0.CO;2-8
  41. Silva PF, Motta LJ, Silva SM, Ferrari RA, Fernandes KP, Bussadori SK. Computerized analysis of the distribution of occlusal contacts in individuals with Parkinson's disease and temporomandibular disorder. Cranio. 2016;34(6):358-62. https://doi.org/10.1080/08869634.2015.1097315
  42. Iwasaki LR, Crosby MJ, Gonzalez Y, McCall WD, Marx DB, Ohrbach R, et al. Temporomandibular joint loads in subjects with and without disc displacement. Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2009;1(2):90-3.
  43. Oliveira de Santis T, Jansiski Motta L, Cardoso Guedes C, Santos Z Jr, Santos Fernandes KP, Mesquita Ferrari RA, et al. Occlusal contact in children with Temporomandibular Disorders. A pilot study. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2012;13(2):97-100.
  44. Marklund S, Wanman A. Risk factors associated with incidence and persistence of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders. Acta Odontol Scand. 2010;68(5):289-99. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016357.2010.494621
  45. Wang C, Yin X. Occlusal risk factors associated with temporomandibular disorders in young adults with normal occlusions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 2012;114(4):419-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2011.10.039
  46. Ciancaglini R, Gherlone EF, Radaelli G. Unilateral temporomandibular disorder and asymmetry of occlusal contacts. J Prosthet Dent. 2003;89(2):180-5. https://doi.org/10.1067/mpr.2003.9
  47. Ciancaglini R, Gherlone EF, Redaelli S, Radaelli G. The distribution of occlusal contacts in the intercuspal position and temporomandibular disorder. J Oral Rehabil. 2002;29(11):1082-90. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2842.2002.00941.x
  48. Park YN, Bae YS. Change of range of motion of the temporomandibular joint after correction of mild scoliosis. J Phys Ther Sci. 2014;26(8): 1157-60. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.26.1157
  49. Lauriti L, Motta LJ, Silva PF, Leal de Godoy CH, Alfaya TA, Fernandes KP, et al. Are occlusal characteristics, headache, parafunctional habits and clicking sounds associated with the signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorder in adolescents?. J Phys Ther Sci. 2013;25(10): 1331-4. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.25.1331
  50. Lim PF, Smith S, Bhalang K, Slade GD, Maixner W. Development of temporomandibular disorders is associated with greater bodily pain experience. Clin J Pain. 2010;26(2):116-20. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181c507ef
  51. Dworkin SF, Huggins KH, LeResche L, Von Korff M, Howard J, Truelove E, et al. Epidemiology of signs and symptoms in temporomandibular disorders: clinical signs in cases and controls. J Am Dent Assoc. 1990;120(3):273-81. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1990.0043
  52. Magnusson T, Egermark I, Carlsson GE. A longitudinal epidemiologic study of signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders from 15 to 35 years of age. J Orofac Pain. 2000;14(4):310-9.
  53. Dahlstrom L, Carlsson GE. Temporomandibular disorders and oral health-related quality of life. A systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand. 2010;68(2):80-5. https://doi.org/10.3109/00016350903431118
  54. Barros Vde M, Seraidarian PI, Cortes MI, de Paula LV. The impact of orofacial pain on the quality of life of patients with temporomandibular disorder. J Orofac Pain. 2009;23(1):28-37.
  55. Muslimovic D, Post B, Speelman JD, Schmand B, de Haan RJ; CARPA Study Group. Determinants of disability and quality of life in mild to moderate Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2008;70(23):2241-7. https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000313835.33830.80
  56. Terriff DL, Williams JV, Patten SB, Lavorato DH, Bulloch AG. Patterns of disability, care needs, and quality of life of people with Parkinson's disease in a general population sample. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2012;18(7):828-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2012.03.026
  57. Pradeep AR, Singh SP, Martande SS, Raju AP, Rustagi T, Suke DK, et al. Clinical evaluation of the periodontal health condition and oral health awareness in Parkinson's disease patients. Gerodontology. 2015;32(2):100-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/ger.12055
  58. Muller T, Palluch R, Jackowski J. Caries and periodontal disease in patients with Parkinson's disease. Spec Care Dentist. 2011;31(5): 178-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-4505.2011.00205.x
  59. Adams B, Nunes JM, Page MJ, Roberts T, Carr J, Nell TA, et al. Parkinson's Disease: A Systemic Inflammatory Disease Accompanied by Bacterial Inflammagens. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11:210. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2019.00210
  60. Kaur T, Uppoor A, Naik D. Parkinson's disease and periodontitis - the missing link? A review. Gerodontology. 2016;33(4):434-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/ger.12188
  61. Hashioka S, Inoue K, Miyaoka T, Hayashida M, Wake R, Oh-Nishi A, et al. The Possible Causal Link of Periodontitis to Neuropsychiatric Disorders: More Than Psychosocial Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(15):3723. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153723
  62. Chen CK, Wu YT, Chang YC. Periodontal inflammatory disease is associated with the risk of Parkinson's disease: a population-based retrospective matched-cohort study. PeerJ. 2017;5:e3647. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3647
  63. Hsu YC, Chang CW, Lee HL, Chuang CC, Chiu HC, Li WY, et al. Association between History of Dental Amalgam Fillings and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study in Taiwan. PLoS One. 2016;11(12):e0166552. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0166552
  64. Liu TC, Sheu JJ, Lin HC, Jensen DA. Increased risk of parkinsonism following chronic periodontitis: a retrospective cohort study. Mov Disord. 2013;28(9):1307-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.25359
  65. de Farias Neto JP, de Santana JM, de Santana-Filho VJ, Quintans-Junior LJ, de Lima Ferreira AP, Bonjardim LR. Radiographic measurement of the cervical spine in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction. Arch Oral Biol. 2010;55(9):670-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.06.002
  66. Saito ET, Akashi PM, Sacco Ide C. Global body posture evaluation in patients with temporomandibular joint disorder. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2009;64(1):35-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1807-59322009000100007
  67. Strini PJ, Machado NA, Gorreri MC, Ferreira Ade F, Sousa Gda C, Fernandes Neto AJ. Postural evaluation of patients with temporomandibular disorders under use of occlusal splints. J Appl Oral Sci. 2009;17(5):539-43. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1678-77572009000500033
  68. Munhoz WC, Marques AP, de Siqueira JT. Evaluation of body posture in individuals with internal temporomandibular joint derangement. Cranio. 2005;23(4):269-77. https://doi.org/10.1179/crn.2005.038
  69. Munhoz WC, Marques AP, Siqueira JT. Radiographic evaluation of cervical spine of subjects with temporomandibular joint internal disorder. Braz Oral Res. 2004;18(4):283-9. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-83242004000400002
  70. Olmos SR, Kritz-Silverstein D, Halligan W, Silverstein ST. The effect of condyle fossa relationships on head posture. Cranio. 2005;23(1): 48-52. https://doi.org/10.1179/crn.2005.008
  71. Tingey EM, Buschang PH, Throckmorton GS. Mandibular rest position: a reliable position influenced by head support and body posture. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;120(6):614-22. https://doi.org/10.1067/mod.2001.119802
  72. Shimazaki T, Motoyoshi M, Hosoi K, Namura S. The effect of occlusal alteration and masticatory imbalance on the cervical spine. Eur J Orthod. 2003;25(5):457-63. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/25.5.457
  73. Jankovic J. Parkinson's disease: clinical features and diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2008;79(4):368-76. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2007.131045
  74. Doherty KM, van de Warrenburg BP, Peralta MC, Silveira-Moriyama L, Azulay JP, Gershanik OS, et al. Postural deformities in Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(6):538-49. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70067-9
  75. Benatru I, Vaugoyeau M, Azulay JP. Postural disorders in Parkinson's disease. Neurophysiol Clin. 2008;38(6):459-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucli.2008.07.006
  76. Robertson LT, Hammerstad JP. Jaw movement dysfunction related to Parkinson's disease and partially modified by levodopa. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1996;60(1):41-50. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.60.1.41
  77. Ingawale S, Goswami T. Temporomandibular joint: disorders, treatments, and biomechanics. Ann Biomed Eng. 2009;37(5):976-96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10439-009-9659-4
  78. Khan I. Falls: considerations for the dental surgeon. Br Dent J. 2020;228(7):509-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41415-020-1422-0
  79. Allen NE, Schwarzel AK, Canning CG. Recurrent falls in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. Parkinsons Dis. 2013;2013:906274.
  80. LeWitt PA, Kymes S, Hauser RA. Parkinson Disease and Orthostatic Hypotension in the Elderly: Recognition and Management of Risk Factors for Falls. Aging Dis. 2020;11(3):679-91. https://doi.org/10.14336/ad.2019.0805
  81. Elster EL. Upper cervical chiropractic management of a patient with Parkinson's disease: a case report. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2000;23(8):573-77. https://doi.org/10.1067/mmt.2000.109673
  82. Elster EL. Eighty-one patients with Multiple Sclerosis and Parkinson's disease undergoing upper cervical chiropractic care to correct vertebral subluxation: a retrospective analysis. J Vertebral Subluxation Res. 2004.
  83. Cairns BE. Pathophysiology of TMD pain-basic mechanisms and their implications for pharmacotherapy. J Oral Rehabil. 2010;37(6): 391-410. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2010.02074.x
  84. Brodal P. The central nervous system: structure and function. 3rd ed. New York:Oxford University Press. 2004.
  85. Jahn K, Zwergal A. Imaging supraspinal locomotor control in balance disorders. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2010;28(1):105-114.
  86. Naumann M, Magyar-Lehmann S, Reiners K, Erbguth F, Leenders KL. Sensory tricks in cervical dystonia: perceptual dysbalance of parietal cortex modulates frontal motor programming. Ann Neurol. 2000;47(3):322-8. https://doi.org/10.1002/1531-8249(200003)47:3<322::AID-ANA7>3.0.CO;2-E
  87. Nicolakis P, Nicolakis M, Piehslinger E, Ebenbichler G, Vachuda M, Kirtley C, et al. Relationship between craniomandibular disorders and poor posture. Cranio. 2000;18(2):106-12. https://doi.org/10.1080/08869634.2000.11746121
  88. Tamai Y, Iwamoto M, Tsujimoto T. Pathway of the blink reflex in the brainstem of the cat: interneurons between the trigeminal nuclei and the facial nucleus. Brain Res. 1986;380(1):19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(86)91424-1
  89. Demerjian GG, Barkhordarian A, Chiappelli F. Testing patient targeted therapies in patients with temporomandibular joint disorder with the arthrokinetic reflex: individual patient research. J Transl Med. 2016;14(1):231. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-016-0991-9
  90. Tolosa E, Marti MJ. Blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia syndrome (Meige's syndrome): clinical aspects. Adv Neurol. 1988;49: 73-84.
  91. Takahashi M, Ni Z, Yamashita T, Liang N, Sugawara K, Yahagi S, et al. Excitability changes in human hand motor area induced by voluntary teeth clenching are dependent on muscle properties. Exp Brain Res. 2006;171(2):272-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-006-0430-x
  92. Sims AB, Demerjian GG. Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction, Trigeminal Nerve Inflammation, and Biomechanical Dental Treatments for the Suppression of Neurological and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms. Temporomandibular Joint and Airway Disorders. 2018; 95-123.
  93. Yin CS, Lee YJ, Lee YJ. Neurological influences of the temporomandibular joint. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 2007;11(4):285-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2006.11.007
  94. Durham TM, Hodges ED, Henry MJ, Geasland J, Straub P. Management of orofacial manifestations of Parkinson's disease with splint therapy: a case report. Spec Care Dentist. 1993;13(4):155-158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-4505.1993.tb01467.x
  95. Nomoto S, Nakamura M, Sato T, Hisanaga R. Occlusal treatment with bite splint improves dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease patient: a case report. Bull Tokyo Dent Coll. 2013;54(3):157-61. https://doi.org/10.2209/tdcpublication.54.157
  96. May DS, Rawson KS, Moeller DR, Tueth LE, Earhart GM. Pilot trial of a mouthpiece as treatment for signs and symptoms of Parkinson disease. Somatosens Mot Res. 2021;38(3):223-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/08990220.2021.1953462
  97. Lane H, Rose LE, Woodbrey M, Arghavani D, Lawrence M, Cavanaugh JT. Exploring the Effects of Using an Oral Appliance to Reduce Movement Dysfunction in an Individual With Parkinson Disease: A Single-Subject Design Study. J Neurol Phys Ther. 2017;41(1):52-58. https://doi.org/10.1097/NPT.0000000000000160
  98. Baram S, Karlsborg M, Bakke M. Improvement of oral function and hygiene in Parkinson's disease: A randomised controlled clinical trial. J Oral Rehabil. 2020;47(3):370-6. https://doi.org/10.1111/joor.12924
  99. Giddon DB, Moeller DR, Deutsch CK. Use of a modified mandibular splint to reduce nocturnal symptoms in persons with post-traumatic stress disorder. Int Dent J. 2021;71(2):167-71. https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12619
  100. Demerjian GG, Sims AB, Stack BC. Proteomic signature of Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMD): Toward diagnostically predictive biomarkers. Bioinformation. 2011;5(7):282-4. https://doi.org/10.6026/97320630005282
  101. Isberg A. Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction, a practitioner's guide. 1st ed. London:Thieme Medical Pub. 2001.
  102. Lee YJ, Yin CS. Customized Intraoral Balancing Appliances of TMJ Balancing Medicine. Journal of TMJ Balancing Medicine. 2015; 5(1):33-4.
  103. Lee YJ, Yin CS. Diagnostic Evaluation Methods in TMJ Balancing Medicine. Journal of TMJ Balancing Medicine 2013;3(1):27-30.
  104. Lee YJ, Yin CS. On-site Fabrication of the Customized Intraoral Balancing Appliance of TMJ Balancing Medicine. Journal of TMJ Balancing Medicine 2017;7(1):32-3.
  105. Lee YJ, Yin CS. Balance Training Exercise in TMJ Balancing Medicine Clinic. Journal of TMJ Balancing Medicine 2018;8(1):30-1.