Acknowledgement
The authors thank Dr. Chang Gi Park and Dr. Suhee Kim for their professional advice on research methodology.
References
- Park S. Smoking behavior and predictors of smoking initiation in childhood and early adolescence. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2009;39(3):376-385. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2009.39.3.376
- Statistics Korea, Ministry of Gender Equality and Family (MOGEF). 2020 Adolescent statistics [Internet]. Daejeon: Statistics Korea; c2020 [cited 2020 Jul 2]. Available from: http://kostat.go.kr/portal/korea/kor_nw/1/1/index.board?bmode=read&aSeq=381815.
- Kim S, Han Y. The protective role of school adjustment between risky neighborhood environment and adolescent drinking and smoking. Korean Journal of Child Studies. 2016;37(1):37-48. https://doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2016.37.1.37
- Thrul J, Lipperman-Kreda S, Grube JW, Friend KB. Community-level adult daily smoking prevalence moderates the association between adolescents' cigarette smoking and perceived smoking by friends. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2014;43(9):1527-1535. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-0058-7
- Kim JE, Cho BH. The impact of social relationships on adolescents' smoking behavior. Studies on Korean Youth. 2012;23(1):57-87.
- Chen YH, Chen PL, Huang WG, Chiou HY, Hsu CY, Chao KY. Association between social climate for smoking and youth smoking behaviors in Taiwan: An ecological study. International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2010;47(10):1253-1261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.02.007
- Mayhew KP, Flay BR, Mott JA. Stages in the development of adolescent smoking. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2000;59 Suppl 1:S61-S81. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0376-8716(99)00165-9
- O'Loughlin J, DiFranza J, Tyndale RF, Meshefedjian G, Mc-Millan-Davey E, Clarke PB, et al. Nicotine-dependence symptoms are associated with smoking frequency in adolescents. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2003;25(3):219-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(03)00198-3
- Kelly AB, O'Flaherty M, Connor JP, Homel R, Toumbourou JW, Patton GC, et al. The influence of parents, siblings and peers on pre- and early-teen smoking: A multilevel model. Drug and Alcohol Review. 2011;30(4):381-387. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00231.x
- Pirie K, Peto R, Reeves GK, Green J, Beral V; Million Women Study Collaborators. The 21st century hazards of smoking and benefits of stopping: A prospective study of one million women in the UK. Lancet (London, England). 2013;381(9861):133-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61720-6
- Friedman AS, Buckell J, Sindelar JL. Patterns of youth cigarette experimentation and onset of habitual smoking. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2019;56(6):803-810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2019.02.009
- Furstenberg FF. The sociology of adolescence and youth in the 1990s: A critical commentary. Journal of Marriage and Family. 2000;62(4):896-910. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.00896.x
- Kravitz-Wirtz N. A discrete-time analysis of the effects of more prolonged exposure to neighborhood poverty on the risk of smoking initiation by age 25. Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2016;148:79-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.11.027
- Levin KA, Dundas R, Miller M, McCartney G. Socioeconomic and geographic inequalities in adolescent smoking: A multilevel cross-sectional study of 15 year olds in Scotland. Social Science & Medicine (1982). 2014;107(100):162-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.02.016
- Mathur C, Erickson DJ, Stigler MH, Forster JL, Finnegan JR Jr. Individual and neighborhood socioeconomic status effects on adolescent smoking: A multilevel cohort-sequential latent growth analysis. American Journal of Public Health. 2013;103(3):543-548. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.300830
- Lipperman-Kreda S, Mair C, Grube JW, Friend KB, Jackson P, Watson D. Density and proximity of tobacco outlets to homes and schools: Relations with youth cigarette smoking. Prevention Science. 2014;15(5):738-744. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-013-0442-2
- Novak SP, Reardon SF, Raudenbush SW, Buka SL. Retail tobacco outlet density and youth cigarette smoking: A propensity-modeling approach. American Journal of Public Health. 2006;96(4):670-676. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2004.061622
- Henriksen L, Feighery EC, Schleicher NC, Cowling DW, Kline RS, Fortmann SP. Is adolescent smoking related to the density and proximity of tobacco outlets and retail cigarette advertising near schools? Preventive Medicine. 2008;47(2):210-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.04.008
- Chan WC, Leatherdale ST. Tobacco retailer density surrounding schools and youth smoking behaviour: A multi-level analysis. Tobacco Induced Diseases. 2011;9(1):9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1617-9625-9-9
- Gwon SH, Jeong S. Factors influencing adolescent lifetime smoking and current smoking in South Korea: Using data from the 10th (2014) Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2016;46(4):552-561. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.4.552
- Hwang S, Lee K. A theoretical approach regarding social learning, social bonding, and general strain theory on the causes of juvenile delinquency. Studies on Korean Youth. 2013;24(3):127-145.
- Chung S, Lee J. Testing the determinants on the onset of adolescents' smoking. Asian Journal of Education. 2016;17(4):263-284. https://doi.org/10.15753/aje.2016.12.17.4.263
- Flay BR, Petraitis J, Hu FB. Psychosocial risk and protective factors for adolescent tobacco use. Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 1999;1 Suppl 1:S59-S65. https://doi.org/10.1080/14622299050011611
- Jang SJ, Park H, Kim H, Chang SJ. Factors influencing physical activity among community-dwelling older adults with type 2 diabetes: A path analysis. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2015;45(3):329-336. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2015.45.3.329
- Simons-Morton BG, Farhat T. Recent findings on peer group influences on adolescent smoking. The Journal of Primary Prevention. 2010;31(4):191-208. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10935-010-0220-x
- Parascandola M. Tobacco harm reduction and the evolution of nicotine dependence. American Journal of Public Health. 2011;101(4):632-641. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2009.189274
- Cutrona CE, Wallace G, Wesner KA. Neighborhood characteristics and depression: An examination of stress processes. Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2006;15(4):188-192. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00433.x
- Huh MY. The study for the development and validation of 'parenting behavior inventory' perceived by adolescent [dissertation]. Seoul: Ewha Womans University; 2000. p. 1-94.
- Armsden GC, Greenberg MT. The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 1987;16(5):427-454. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02202939
- Min BS. The influence of school life adjustment and self-concept on academic achievement [master's thesis]. Seoul: Hongik University; 1991. p. 1-61.
- Kim DJ, Lee SY, Gi M, Kim MH, Kim SS, Kim YM, et al. Developing health inequalities indicators and monitoring the status of health inequalities in Korea. Seoul: Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs; 2013 Dec. Report No.: TRKO201400012926.
- Singer JD, Willett JB. It's about time: Using discrete-time survival analysis to study duration and the timing of events. Journal of Educational Statistics. 1993;18(2):155-195. https://doi.org/10.3102/10769986018002155
- Kim S, Lee K. Predictors of turnover among new nurses using multilevel survival analysis. Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2016;46(5):733-743. https://doi.org/10.4040/jkan.2016.46.5.733
- Satorra A. Scaled and adjusted restricted tests in multi-sample analysis of moment structures. In: Heijmans RDH, Pollock DSG, Satorra A, editors. Innovations in Multivariate Statistical Analysis: A Festschrift for Heinz Neudecker. Boston (MA): Springer; 2000. p. 233-247.
- van Buuren S. Flexible imputation of missing data. 2nd ed. Boca Raton (FL): Chapman & Hall/CRC Press; 2018. p. 77-84.
- Lillard DR, Molloy E, Sfekas A. Smoking initiation and the iron law of demand. Journal of Health Economics. 2013;32(1):114-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2012.08.006
- Kim YS. Student health management concept and a study on the jobs of health teachers. The Korean Journal of Health Education. 2020;6(1):17-66. https://doi.org/10.36031/KJHE.6.2
- Duan L, Chou CP, Andreeva VA, Pentz MA. Trajectories of peer social influences as long-term predictors of drug use from early through late adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2009;38(3):454-465. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-008-9310-y
- Croghan E, Aveyard P, Griffin C, Cheng KK. The importance of social sources of cigarettes to school students. Tobacco Control. 2003;12(1):67-73. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.12.1.67
- Friend KB, Lipperman-Kreda S, Grube JW. The impact of local U.S. tobacco policies on youth tobacco use: A critical review. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine. 2011;1(2):34-43. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojpm.2011.12006
- Bandura A. The self system in reciprocal determinism. American Psychologist. 1978;33(4):344-358. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.33.4.344
- Choi S, Kim Y, Lee J, Kashiwabara M, Oh K. Tobacco use among students aged 13-15 years in South Korea: The 2013 Global Youth Tobacco Survey. Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health. 2017;50(1):60-65. https://doi.org/10.3961/jpmph.16.079
- Choi J, Noh GY. The influence of social norm perception, assessment orientation, and perceived benefits of drinking to social relationships on college students' drinking behaviors. Journal of Public Relations. 2016;20(3):60-83. https://doi.org/10.15814/jpr.2016.20.3.60
- Cialdini RB, Reno RR, Kallgren CA. A focus theory of normative conduct: Recycling the concept of norms to reduce littering in public places. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1990;58(6):1015-1026. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.58.6.1015
- Hwang J, Yang Y, Oh Y, Lee S, Lee J, Cho S. The effect of cigarette advertisements and displays at the point of sale on purchase and smoking initiation: Findings from focus group interviews. Korean Public Health Research. 2018;44(1):63-73. https://doi.org/10.22900/kphr.2018.44.1.005
- Hoek J, Gifford H, Pirikahu G, Thomson G, Edwards R. How do tobacco retail displays affect cessation attempts? Findings from a qualitative study. Tobacco Control. 2010;19(4):334-337. https://doi.org/10.1136/tc.2009.031203
- Robertson L, Cameron C, McGee R, Marsh L, Hoek J. Point-of-sale tobacco promotion and youth smoking: A meta-analysis. Tobacco Control. 2016;25(e2):e83-e89. https://doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2015-052586
- Jung YH, Ko SJ, Kim EJ, Oh HI. Comparative studies for composite index of tobacco control policy. Seoul: Korea Institute for Health and Affairs; 2013 Aug. Report No.: TRKO201500007068.
- Yun SN, Yi Y, Suh E, Kim C, Ko Y, Jang MG, et al. The processes of habituating to smoking among teenagers. Journal of Korean Academy of Community Health Nursing. 2008;19(4):636-648.
- Leatherdale ST. Predictors of different cigarette access behaviours among occasional and regular smoking youth. Canadian Journal of Public Health. 2005;96(5):348-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03404030