Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society (한국수소및신에너지학회논문집)

The Korean Hydrogen and New Energy Society (한국수소및신에너지학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Study on Safety Guidelines for Hydrogen Refueling Stations at Expressway Service Area using Quantitative Risk Assessment

정량적 위험성 평가를 통한 고속도로 휴게소 수소 충전소 안전 가이드라인 연구

  • KIM, HEE JIN (Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, Pusan National University) ;
  • JANG, KYEONG MIN (Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, Pusan National University) ;
  • KIM, SOO HYEON (Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, Pusan National University) ;
  • KIM, GI BEOM (Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, Pusan National University) ;
  • JUNG, EUN SANG (Department of Bioenvironmental Energy, Pusan National University)
  • 김희진 (부산대학교 바이오환경에너지학과) ;
  • 장경민 (부산대학교 바이오환경에너지학과) ;
  • 김수현 (부산대학교 바이오환경에너지학과) ;
  • 김기범 (부산대학교 바이오환경에너지학과) ;
  • 정은상 (부산대학교 바이오환경에너지학과)
  • Received : 2021.11.23
  • Accepted : 2021.12.20
  • Published : 2021.12.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The use of clean energy based on the hydrogen economy is increasing rapidly due to the greenhouse gas reduction policies and the increase in the need for hydrogen. Currently, South Korea government have been considering a plan to construct hydrogen refueling stations at expressway service area for the purpose of supplying hydrogen vehicles. In the case of a hydrogen refueling stations, a quantitative risk assessment (QRA) must be performed because it includs and uses a high pressurized hydrogen storage tank. In this study, QRA was conducted using societal risk and F-N curve by the consequence assessment (CA) of jet fire and explosion according to the population density, capacity of the high pressurized hydrogen storage tank and frequency assessment (FA) data to the general hydrogen refueling stations systems in expressway service area. In the cases of jet with a leak diameter of 7.16 mm, regardless of expressway service area location, the societal risk was over 1E-04 that was acceptable for as Low As reasonably practicable (ALARP) region (workforce), but unacceptable for ALARP region (public). In the cases of gas explosion, all expressway service area satisfy ALARP region. In the case of the population density is over 0.0727, QRA for constructing the hydrogen refueling stations, must be conducted.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 2019년도 과학기술정보통신부의 재원으로 한국연구재단의 이공분야기초연구사업 기본연구과제로 지원받아 수행된 연구입니다(2019R1F1A1060422).

References

  1. J. N. Park, "Status of hydrogen station technology and policy", The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 21, No. 3, 2018, pp. 10-19.
  2. S. W. Baek, "Propagation and technologies on hydrogen fueling station", The Korean Society Of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2019, pp 28-32. Retrieved from http://www.dbpia.co.kr/journal/articleDetail?nodeId=NODE07610157.
  3. S. K. Heo, S. B. Yoon, B. S. Kim, and S. H. Lee, "Trends of diffusion and development of hydrogen filling stations and fuel cell electronic vehicles at domestic and overseas", The Korean Society Of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 40, No. 4, 2018, pp. 72-76.
  4. J. K. Kim and S. H. Lee, "Research on establishing a roadmap for revitalizing the hydrogen economy", Korea Energy Economics Institute, 2019, pp. 1-211. Retrieved from http://www.motie.go.kr/motie/ne/presse/press2/bbs/bbsView.do?bbs_seq_n=161262&bbs_cd_n=81¤tPage=1&search_key_n=&cate_n=&dept_v=&search_val_v=.
  5. J. O. Yoo and H. Y. Lee, "A basic study on the hazard of hydrogen feul cell vehicles in road tunnels", Korean Tunneling and Underground Space Association, Vol. 23, No. 1, 2021, pp. 47-60, doi: https://doi.org/10.9711/KTAJ.2021.23.1.047.
  6. D. Y. Pyo, Y. H. Kim, and O. T. Lim, "A study on safety assessment of hydrogen station", Trans Korean Hydrogen New Energy Soc, Vol. 30, No. 6, 2019, pp 499-504, doi: https://doi.org/10.7316/KHNES.2019.30.6.499.
  7. H. L. Kim, S. K. Kang, and Y. S. Huh, "Accidents analysis of domestic and overseas refueling stations and assessment of dangerous distance by gas leak", Journal of energy engineering, Vol. 26, No. 4, 2017, pp. 7-13, doi: https://doi.org/10.5855/ENERGY.2017.26.4.007.
  8. A. Engebo, F. Barth, F. Markert, P. Middha, M. Wardman, J. Chaineaux, D. Sebarnescu,D. Baraldi, S. Nilsen, A.V. Tchouvelev, N. Versloot, A. and Marangon, "Safety distances for hydrogen refuelling station", World hydrogen energy conference, Vol. 78, No. 5, 2010, pp. 237-242. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/48693552_Safety_Distances_for_Hydrogen_Refuelling_Station.
  9. L. Zhiyong, P. Xiangmin, and M. Jianxin, "Consequence-based Safety Distances and Mitigation Measures for Gaseous Hydrogen Refueling Stations", World electric vehicle journal, Vol. 4, No. 4, 2010, pp. 897-905, doi: doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj4040897.
  10. N. Ade, B. Wilhite, and H. Goyette, "An integrated approach for safer and economical design of Hydrogen refueling stations", International journal of hydrogen energy, Vol. 45, No. 56, 2020, pp. 32713-32729, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.08.232.
  11. J. Nakayama, N. Kasai, T. Shibutani, and A. Miyake, "Security risk analysis of a hydrogen fueling station with an on-site hydrogen production system involving methylcyclohexane", Ingernational journal of hydrogen energy, Vol. 44, No. 17, 2019, pp. 9110-9119, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.03.177.
  12. M. Hirayama, Y. Ito, H. Kamada, N. Kasai, and T. Otaki, "Simplified approach to evaluating safety distances for hydrogen vehicle fuel dispensers", International journal of hydrogen energy, Vol. 44, No. 33, 2019, pp. 18639-18647, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IJHYDENE.2019.05.153.
  13. T. Suzuki, K. Shiota, Y. Izato, M. Komori, K. Sato, Y. Takai, and A. Miyake, "Quantitative risk assessment using a Japanese hydrogen refueling station model", International journal of hydrogen energy, Vol. 46, No. 11, 2021, pp. 8329-8343, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.12.035.
  14. M. Moonis, A.J. Wilday, and M.J. Wardman, "Semi-quantitative risk assessment of commercial scale supply chain of hydrogen fuel and implications for industry and society", Process safety and environmental protection, Vol. 88, No. 2, 2010, pp. 97-108, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2009.11.006.
  15. K. H. Do, Y. S. Han, M. B. Kim, T. H. Kim, and B. I. Choi, "Study on a quantitative risk assessment of a large-scale hydrogen liquefaction plant", Trans Korean Hydrogen New Energy Soc, Vol. 25, No. 6, 2014, pp. 609-619, doi: https://doi.org/10.7316/KHNES.2014.25.6.609.
  16. S. K. Kang, "A study of jet dipersion and jet-fire characteristics for safety distance of the hydrogen refueling station", Journal fo the Korean Institute of Gas, Vol. 23, No. 6, 2019, pp. 74-80, doi: https://doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2019.23.6.74.
  17. H. L. Kim and S. K. Kang, "Analysis of damage range and impact of on-site hydrogen fueling station using quantitative risk assessment program (Hy-KoRAM)", Trans Korean Hydrogen New Energy Soc, Vol. 31, No. 5, 2020, pp. 459-466, doi: https://doi.org/10.7316/KHNES.2020.31.5.459.
  18. H. R. Gye, S. K. Seo, Q. V. Bach, D. G. Ha, and C. J. Lee, "Quantitative risk assessment of an urban hydrogen refueling station", International journal of hydrogen energy, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2019, pp. 1288-1298, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.11.035.
  19. O. J. Kwon, H. J. Jo, H. H. Chung, and K. J. Myong, "Analysis and modeling of hydrogen sales at hydrogen filling stations", Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers, Vol. 27, No. 2, 2019, pp. 93-100, doi: https://doi.org/10.7467/KSAE.2019.27.2.093.
  20. T. H. Lee, B. W. Kang, E. W. Lee, and C. J. Bae, "A study on the variation of unit price of hydrogen fuel by difference of fuel measuring method", Trans Korean Hydrogen New Energy Soc, Vol. 28, No. 3, 2017, pp. 279-286, doi: https://doi.org/10.7316/KHNES.2017.28.3.279.
  21. B. W. Kang and T. H. Lee, "An investigation of hazard distance in a series of hydrogen jet fire with the hyram tools", Trans Korean Hydrogen New Energy Soc, Vol. 28, No. 2, 2017, pp. 166-173, doi: https://doi.org/10.7316/KHNES.2017.28.2.166.
  22. S. Li, C. Cheng, G. Pu, and B. Chen, "QRA-grid: quantitative risk analysis and gridbased pre-warning model for urban natural gas pipeline", International journal of geo-information, Vol. 8, No. 3, 2019, pp. 1-14, doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi8030122.
  23. W. F. J. M. Engelhard, "Heat flux from fires", TNO Yellow book, 2005, pp. 1-132. Retrieved from https://repository.tno.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A4928209c-5998-4261-9393-3d55073e6e87.
  24. M.. Assael and K. Kakosimos, "Fires, explosions, and toxic gas dispersions", CRC Press, 2010, pp. 107-120.
  25. R. K. Zipf and K. Cashdollar, "Effects of blast pressure on structures and the human body", NIOSH, 2006, pp. 1-8. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/docket/archive/pdfs/niosh-125/125-explosionsandrefugechambers.pdf.
  26. Ir. J.C.A.M. van Doormaal, Ir. R.M.M. van Wees, "Ruptures of vessels", TNO Yellow book, 2005, pp. 27-43. Retrieved from https://repository.tno.nl/islandora/object/uuid%3A4928209c-5998-4261-9393-3d55073e6e87.
  27. S. M. Yim, H. C. Kim, D. J. Kim, and Y. S. An, "A study on the estimating of the floating population of waling street by the multiple regression model-focusing on ganganam and seocho-gu in Seoul", The Seoul Institute, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2019, pp. 121-139.
  28. Y. H. Choi and S. K. Baek, " A study on proper size of epressway service area", Journal of Korean Society of Transportation, Vol. 27, No. 6, 2009, pp. 7-18. Retrieved from https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200919038650012.pdf.
  29. R. Li, D. Xiao and F. Pan, "Study on evaluation method of expressway operation safety risk based on grey incidence analysis and AHP", 2019 5th international conference on transportation information and safety(ICTIS), 2019, pp. 698-704, doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ictis.2019.8883684.
  30. H. K. Kim, H. S. Chio, W. Y. Park, and J. M. Won, "A development of evaluation criteria for the expressway service areas from users point of view", International journal of highway engineering, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2012, pp. 121-130, doi: https://doi.org/10.7855/IJHE.2012.14.3.121.
  31. S. Applequist, "Wind rose bias correction", Journal of applied meteorology and climatology, Vol. 51, No. 7, 2012, pp. 1305-1309, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-11-0193.1.
  32. B. A. Burt, "Definitions of risk", Journal of dental education, Vol. 65, No. 10, 2001, pp. 1007-1008, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.0022-0337.2001.65.10.tb03442.x.
  33. J. Tixier, G. Dusserre, O. Salvi, and D. Gaston, "Review of 62 risk analysis methodologies of industrial plants", Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2002, pp. 291-303, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-4230(02)00008-6.
  34. P. G. Stoffen, "Guidelines for quantitative risk assessment", TNO Purple bookVol. 18, 2005, pp. 1-237. Retrieved from http://content.publicatiereeksgevaarlijkestoffen.nl/documents/PGS3/PGS3-1999-v0.1-quantitative-risk-assessment.pdf.
  35. J. Watt and J. Hall, "Introduction to fire risk analysis", SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 2016, pp. 2817-2826.
  36. A. franks and T. Maddison, "A simplified method for the estimation of individual risk", Process Safety and Environmental Protection, Vol. 84, No. 2, 2006, pp. 101-108, doi: https://doi.org/10.1205/psep.04287.
  37. V. Renjith and G. Madhu, "Individual and societal risk analysis and mapping of human vulnerability to chemical accidents in the vicinity of an industrial area", International journal of applied engineering research, Vol. 1, No. 2, 2010, pp. 135-148.
  38. Y. H. Kim, S. I. Um, and J. W. Ko, "A comparative study on the risk(individual and societal) assessment for surrounding areas of chemical processes", The Korean Society of Safety, Vol. 10, No. 1, 1995, pp. 56-63. Retrieved from https://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO199511922389035.pdf.
  39. J. Lachance, W. Houf, B. Middleton, and L. Fluer, "Analyses to support development of risk-informed separation distances for hydrogen codes and standards", Sandia national laboratories, Vol. 54, 2009, pp. 1-144. Retrieved from https://energy.sandia.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/SAND2009-0874-Analyses-to-Support-Development-of-Risk-Informed-Separation-Distances-for-Hydrogen-Codes-and-Standards.pdf.
  40. S. K. Kang and Y. S. Huh, "A study on the quantitative risk assessment of hydrogen-CNG complex refueling station", Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2020, pp. 41-48, doi: https://doi.org/10.7842/kigas.2020.24.1.41.