DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Evaluation of grout penetration in single rock fracture using electrical resistivity

  • Lee, Hangbok (Center for Deep Subsurface Research, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM)) ;
  • Oh, Tae-Min (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU)) ;
  • Lee, Jong-Won (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University (PNU))
  • 투고 : 2020.01.16
  • 심사 : 2020.11.07
  • 발행 : 2021.01.10

초록

In this study, a new approach using electrical resistivity measurement was proposed to detect grout penetration and to evaluate the grouting performance for such as waterproof efficiency in single rock fracture. For this purpose, an electrical resistivity monitoring system was designed to collect multi-channel data in real time. This was applied to a system for grout injection/penetration using a transparent fracture replica with various aperture sizes and water-cement mix ratio. The electrical resistivity was measured under various grout penetration conditions in real time, which results were directly compared to the visual observation images of grout penetration/distribution. Moreover, the grouting success status after the curing process was evaluated by measuring the electrical resistivity in relation to changes in frequency in fracture cells where grout injection and penetration were completed. Consequently, it was determined that the electrical resistivity monitoring system could be applied effectively to the detection of successful penetration of grouting into a target area and to actual field evaluation of the grouting performance and long-term stability of underground rock structures.

키워드

과제정보

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea Government (MSIT) (No. NRF-2019R1G1A1100517) and the Basic Research and Development Project of the Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), which was funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT, Republic of Korea.

참고문헌

  1. Axelsson, M., Gustafson, G. and Fransson, A. (2009), "Stop mechanism for cementitious grouts at different water-to-cement ratios", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech., 24(4), 390-397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2008.11.001.
  2. Broch, E. (2007), "Use of the underground in the city of Trondheim, Norway", Proceedings of the 11th ACCUS Conference: Expanding the Frontiers, Athens, Greece, September.
  3. Chen, Y., Nishiyama, T., Terada, M. and Iwamoto, Y. (2000), "A fluorescent approach to the identification of grout injected into fissures and pore spaces", Eng. Geol., 56, 395-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(99)00100-3.
  4. Eriksson, M. (2002), "Grouting field experiment at the Aspo hard rock laboratory", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech., 17(3), 287-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00024-X.
  5. Funehag, J. and Fransson, A. (2006), "Sealing narrow fractures with a Newtonian fluid: Model prediction for grouting verified by filed study", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech., 21(5), 492-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2005.08.010.
  6. Gueddouda, M.L., Lamara, M., Abou-bekr, N. and Taibi, S. (2010), "Hydraulic behaviour of dune sand bentonite mixtures under confining stress", Geomech. Eng., 2(3), 213-227. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2010.2.3.213.
  7. Gustafson, G. and Stille, H. (1996), "Prediction of groutability from grout properties and hydrogeological data", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech., 11(3), 325-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/0886-7798(96)00027-2.
  8. Henderson, A.E., Robertson, I.A., Whitfield, J.M., Garrard, G.F.G., Swannell, N.G. and Fisch, H. (2008), "A new method for real-time monitoring of grout spread through fractured rocks", MRS Proc., 1107. https://doi.org/10.1557/PROC-1107-577.
  9. Hoien, A.H. and Nilsen, B. (2014), "Rock mass grouting in the Loren tunnel: Case study with the main focus on the groutability and feasibility of drill parameter interpretation", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 47(3), 967-983. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-013-0386-7.
  10. ISRM. (1978), "Suggested methods for the quantitative description of discontinuities in rock masses", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech., 15(6), 319-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(78)91472-9.
  11. Keller G.V. and Frischknecht F.C. (1996), Electrical Methods in Geophysical Prospecting, Pergamon Press Inc., Oxford, U.K.
  12. Khave, G.J. (2014), "Delineating subterranean water conduits using hydraulic testing and machine performance parameters in TBM tunnel post-grouting", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 70, 308-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2014.04.013.
  13. Kim, H.M., Lee, J.W., Yazdani, M., Tohidi, E., Nejati, H.R. and Park, E.S. (2018), "Coupled viscous fluid flow and joint deformation analysis for grout injection in a rock joint", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 51(2), 627-638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-017-1339-3.
  14. Kobayashi, S., Soyq, M., Takeuchi, J., Nobuto, A., Nakaya, A., Okuno, T., Shimada, S., Kaneto, T. and Majima, T. (2014), "Rock grouting and durability experiments of colloidal silica at Kurashiki underground LPG storage base", Proceedings of the ISRM Regional Symposium - EUROCK 2014, Vigo, Spain, May.
  15. Lee, H., Oh, T.M., Park, E.S., Lee, J.W. and Kim, H.M. (2017), "Factors affecting waterproof efficiency of grouting in single rock fracture", Geomech. Eng., 12(5), 771-783. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.5.771.
  16. Lisa, H., Christina, B., Asa, F., Gunnar, G. and Johan, F. (2012), "A hard rock tunnel case study: Characterization of the water-bearing fracture system for tunnel grouting", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech., 30, 132-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2012.02.014.
  17. Lunn, R.J., Corson, L.T., Howell, C., El Mountassir, G., Reid, C. and Harley, S.L. (2018), "Could magnetic properties be used to image a grouted rock volume?", J. Appl. Geophys., 155, 162-175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2018.06.015.
  18. Madhavi, T.Ch. and Annamalai, S. (2016), "Electrical conductivity of concrete", ARPN. J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 11(9), 5979-5982.
  19. Majer, E. L. (1989), "The application of high frequency seismic monitoring methods for the mapping of grout injections", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 26(3-4), 249-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(89)91974-8.
  20. Mohajerani, S., Baghbanan, A., Bagherpour, R. and Hashemolhosseini, H. (2015), "Grout penetration in fractured rock mass using a new developed explicit algorithm", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 80, 412-417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2015.06.013.
  21. Mohammed, M.H., Pusch, R. and Knutsson, S. (2015), "Study of cement-grout penetration into fractures under static and oscillatory conditions", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech., 45, 10-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2014.08.003.
  22. Northcroft, I.W. (2006), "Innovative materials and methods for ground support, consolidation and water sealing for the mining industry", J. S. Afr. I. Min. Metall., 106(12), 835-844.
  23. Oh, T.M., Cho, G.C. and Lee, C.H. (2014), "Effect of soil mineralogy and pore water chemistry on the electrical resistivity of saturated soils", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 140(11), 06014012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GT.1943-5606.0001175.
  24. Panthi, K.K. and Nilsen, B. (2010), "Uncertainty for assessing leakage through water tunnels: A case from Nepal Himalaya", Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 43(5), 629-639. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00603-009-0075-8.
  25. Rafi, J.Y. and Stille, H. (2014), "Control of rock jacking considering spread of grout and grouting pressure", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech., 40, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.09.005.
  26. Saeidi, O., Stille, H. and Torabi, S.R. (2013), "Numerical and analytical analyses of the effects of different joint and grout properties on the rock mass groutability", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech., 38, 11-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2013.05.005.
  27. SsangYong Cement Inc. (2016), http://www.ssangyongcement.co.kr/jsp.
  28. Stille, H., Gustafson, G. and Hassler, L. (2012), "Application of new theories and technology for grouting of Dams and foundations on rock", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 30(3), 603-624. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-012-9512-7.
  29. Wang, J.B., Liu, W.R., Huang, Y.X. and Zhang, X.C. (2015), "Prediction model of surface subsidence for salt rock storage based on logistic function", Geomech. Eng., 9(1), 25-37. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.9.1.025.
  30. Zhang, D., Fang, Q. and Lou, H. (2014), "Grouting techniques for the unfavorable geological conditions of Xiang'an subsea tunnel in China", J. Rock Mech. Geotech. Eng., 6(5), 438-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2014.07.005.
  31. Zhang, F., Xie, X. and Huang, H. (2010), "Application of ground penetrating radar in grouting evaluation for shield tunnel construction", Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech., 25(2), 99-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tust.2009.09.006.
  32. Zhang, Q., Xu, Z., Wu, J. and He, P. (2017), "Grouting effects evaluation of water-rich faults and its engineering application in Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Subsea Tunnel, China", Geomech. Eng., 12(1), 35-52. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.1.035.