International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering

The Society of Naval Architects of Korea (대한조선학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

New evaluation of ship mooring with friction effects on mooring rope and cost-benefit estimation to improve port safety

  • Lee, Sang-Won (Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University) ;
  • Sasa, Kenji (Graduate School of Maritime Sciences, Kobe University) ;
  • Aoki, Shin-ich (Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University) ;
  • Yamamoto, Kazusei (Marine Technical College, Japan Agency of Maritime Education and Training for Seafarers) ;
  • Chen, Chen (School of Navigation, Wuhan University of Technology)
  • Received : 2020.11.28
  • Accepted : 2021.04.06
  • Published : 2021.11.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

To ensure safe port operations around the world, it is important to solve mooring problems. In particular, the many ports that face open seas have difficulties with long-period waves. As a countermeasure, the installation of a breakwater is proposed for mooring safety. However, this often cannot be put into practice because of financial issues. Instead, port terminals control berthing schedules with weather forecasting. However, mooring problems remain unsolved, because of inaccurate wave forecasting. To quantify the current situation, numerical simulations are presented with ship motions, fender deflections, and rope tensions. In addition, novel simulations for mooring ropes are proposed considering tension, friction, bending fatigue, and temperature. With this novel simulation, the optimal mooring method in terms of safety and economic efficiency was confirmed. In terms of safety, the optimal mooring method is verified to minimize dangerous mooring situations. Moreover, the optimal mooring method shows economic benefits and efficiency. It can help to reinforce the safety of port terminals and improve the efficiency of port operations.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to express their appreciation to Capt. Tomiaki Oribe and Capt. Takayuki Nakajima, of the Tomato Coal Center Co. Inc., Japan, for offering us access to many important databases and documents on the ship mooring of 90,000 DWT class coal carriers. We also wish to show our appreciation to the Hokkaido Electric Power Co., Inc., Japan, for providing measured wave data inside the port. In addition, we express our appreciation to the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, Japan, for offering the measured wave data offshore from the port. This study could not have been conducted without their support. We express our gratitude to Mr. Koji Utsumi, Tesac Cooperation, Japan, Mr. Tetsuya Yamamoto, Naroc Rope Tech., Japan, and Mr. Stephen Dietz, Samson Rope Technologies, USA, for their guidance on rope strength and friction at sea. This study was financially supported by Scientific Research (B) (Project No. 20H02398, 2020-2024, represented by Kenji Sasa) under a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.

References

  1. ATSB (Australian Transport Safety Bureau), 2008. Independent Investigation into the Breakaway and Grounding of the Hong Kong Registered Bulk Carrier Creciente at Port Hedland, Western Australia on 12 September 2006. Canberra. https://www.atsb.gov.au/publications/investigation_reports/2006/mair/mair232/.
  2. Black, K., Banfield, S.J., Flory, J.F., Ridge, I.M.L., 2012. Low-friction, low-abrasion fairlead liners. In: Proc. OCEANS 2012 IEEE/MTS, pp. 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1109/OCEANS.2012.6405022. USA.
  3. Bossolini, E., Nielsen, O.W., Oland, E., Sorensen, M.P., Veje, C., 2016. Thermal properties of Fiber ropes. In: Paper Presented at European Study Group with Industry, Denmark. https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/thermal-properties-of-fiber-ropes.
  4. Cummins, W.E., 1962. The Impulse Response Function and Ship Motions. David Taylor Model Basin, USA. Technical Report No. DTMB-1661.
  5. Foster, G.P., 2002. Advantages of fiber rope over wire rope. J. Ind. Textil. 32 (1), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.1106/152808302031656.
  6. Gonzalez-Marco, D., Sierra, J.P., Fernandez de Ybarra, O., Sanchez-Arcilla, A., 2008. Implications of long waves in harbor management: the Gijon port case study. Ocean Coast Manag. 51, 180-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2007.04.001.
  7. Hashimoto, N., Kawaguchi, K., 2003. Statistical forecasting of long period waves based on weather data for the purpose of judgment of executing cargo loading. In: Proc. 13th Int. Soc. Offshore Polar Eng. Conf. Honolulu, USA, pp. 697-704. https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/ISOPE-I-03-302.
  8. Hearle, J.W.S., Parsey, M.R., Overington, M.S., Banfield, S.J., 1993. Modelling the longterm fatigue performance of fibre ropes. In: Proc. 3th Int. Soc. Offshore Polar Eng. Conf. Singapore, pp. 377-383. https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/ISOPE-I-93-152.
  9. Hobbs, R.E., Burgoyne, C.J., 1991. Bending fatigue in high-strength fibre ropes. Int. J. Fatig. 13 (2), 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/0142-1123(91)90011-m.
  10. Ikeda, H., Yasuda, D., Yoneyama, H., Otake, Y., Hiraishi, T., 2011. Development of mooring system to reduce long-period motions of a large ship. In: Proc. 21th Int. Soc. Offshore Polar Eng. Conf. Hawaii, USA, pp. 1214-1221. https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/ISOPE-I-11-317.
  11. John, F., 1950. On the motion of floating bodies II. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 3 (1), 45-101. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpa.3160030106.
  12. Karnoski, S.R., Liu, F.C., 1988. Tension and bending fatigue test results of synthetic ropes. In: Proc. Annual Offshore Tech. Conf. Houston, USA, pp. 343-350. https://doi.org/10.4043/5720-ms.
  13. Kwak, M., Moon, Y., Pyun, C., 2012. Computer simulation of moored ship motion induced by harbor resonance in Pohang new harbor. In: Proc. 33rd Conf. Coast. Eng. Spain. https://doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.waves.68.
  14. Kubo, M., Barthel, V., 1992. Some considerations how to reduce the motions of ships moored at an open berth. J. Japan Inst. Nav. 87, 47-58. https://doi.org/10.9749/jin.87.47.
  15. Kubo, M., Sakakibara, S., 1999. A study on time domain analysis of moored ship motion considering harbor oscillations. In: Proc. 9th Int. Soc. Offshore Polar Eng. Conf. France, pp. 574-581. https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/ISOPEI-99-309.
  16. Lopez, M., Iglesias, G., 2014. Long wave effects on a vessel at berth. J. Appl. Ocean Res. 47, 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2014.03.008.
  17. McKenna, H.A., Hearle, J.W.S., O'Hear, N., 2004. Handbook of Fibre Rope Technology. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge.
  18. MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism), 2009. Technical Standards and Commentaries for Port and Harbour Facilities in Japan. Translated and edited by The Overseas Coastal Area Development Institute of Japan, Tokyo. http://ocdi.or.jp/en/technical-st-en.
  19. Nabijou, S., Hobbs, R.E., 1995. Frictional performance of wire and fibre ropes bent over sheaves. J. Strain Anal. Eng. 30 (1), 45-57. https://doi.org/10.1243/03093247V301045.
  20. Ning, F., Li, X., Hear, N.O., Zhou, R., Shi, C., Ning, X., 2019. Thermal failure mechanism of fiber ropes when bent over sheaves. Textil. Res. J. 89 (7), 1215-1223. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517518767147.
  21. OCIMF (Oil Companies International Marine Forum), 2018. Mooring Equipment Guidelines, fourth ed. Oil Companies International Marine Forum, London.
  22. Overington, M.S., Leech, C.M., 1997. Modelling heat buildup in large polyester ropes. Int. J. Offshore Polar Eng. 7, 63-69, 01. https://www.onepetro.org/journal-paper/ISOPE-97-07-1-063.
  23. PIANC (World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure), 1995. Criteria for Movements of Moored Ships in Harbor: A Practical Guide. Brussels: PIANC General Secretariat.
  24. Ridge, I.M.L., Wang, P., Grabandt, O., O'Hear, N., 2015. Appraisal of ropes for LNG moorings. In: Proc. OIPEEC Conf. 5th Int. Stuttgart Rope Days, Stuttgart, Germany. https://oipeec.org/products/appraisal-of-ropes-for-lng-moorings.
  25. Sakakibara, S., Kubo, M., 2009. Initial attack of large-scaled Tsunami on ship motions and mooring loads. J. Ocean Eng. 36 (2), 145-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.2008.09.010.
  26. Sasa, K., Kubo, M., Shiraishi, S., Nagai, T., 2001. Basic research on frequency properties of long period waves at harbour facing to the Pacific Ocean. In: Proc. 11th Int. Soc. Offshore Polar Eng. Conf. Stavanger, Norway, pp. 593-600. https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/ISOPE-I-01-322.
  27. Sasa, K., 2017. Optimal routing of short-distance ferry from the evaluation of mooring criteria. In: Proc. Int. Conf. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. OMAE, vol. 6, pp. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1115/OMAE201761077, 2.
  28. Sasa, K., Mitsui, M., Aoki, S., Tamura, M., 2018. Current analysis of ship mooring and emergency safe system. J. Japan Soc. Civ. Eng. Ser. B2 (Coast. Eng.) 74 (2), 1399-1404. https://doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.74.I_1399 ([in Japanese]).
  29. Sasa, K., Aoki, S., Fujita, T., Chen, C., 2019. New evaluation for mooring problem from cost-benefit effect. J. Japan Soc. Civ. Eng. Ser. B2 (Coast. Eng.) 75 (2), 1243-1248. https://doi.org/10.2208/kaigan.75.I_1243 ([in Japanese]).
  30. Shiraishi, S., Kubo, M., Sakakibara, S., Sasa, K., 1999. Study on numerical simulation method to reproduce long-period ship motions. In: Proc. 9th Int. Soc. Offshore Polar Eng. Conf. France, pp. 536-543. https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/ISOPE-I-99-304.
  31. Shiraishi, S., 2009. Numerical simulation of ship motions moored to quay walls in long-period waves and proposal of allowable wave heights for cargo handling in a port. In: Proc. 19th Int. Soc. Offshore Polar Eng. Conf. Japan, pp. 1109-1116. https://www.onepetro.org/conference-paper/ISOPE-I-09-232.
  32. Sloan, F., Nye, R., Liggett, T., 2003. Improving bend-over-sheave fatigue in fiber ropes. In: Proc. OCEANS 2003 IEEE/MTS, USA, pp. 1054-1057. https://doi.org/10.1109/oceans.2003.178486.
  33. Tti, Noble Denton, 1999. Deepwater Fibre Moorings: an Engineers' Design Guide. Ledbury.
  34. Van der Molen, W., Monardez, P., van Dongeren, A.P., 2006. Numerical simulation of long-period waves and ship motions in Tomakomai port, Japan. Coast Eng. J. 48 (1), 59-79. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0578563406001301.
  35. Van der Molen, W., Scott, D., Taylor, D., Elliott, T., 2015. Improvement of mooring configurations in Geraldton harbour. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 4 (3) https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse4010003.
  36. Van Essen, S., Van der Hout, A., Huijsmans, R., Waals, O., 2013. Evaluation of directional analysis methods for low-frequency waves to predict LNGC motion response in nearshore areas. In: Proc. Int. Conf. Offshore Mech. Arct. Eng. OMAE, vol. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1115/OMAE2013-10235.
  37. Villa-Caro, R., Carral, J.C., Fraguela, J.A., Lopez, M., Carral, L., 2018. A review of ship mooring systems. Brodogradnja 69 (1), 123-149. https://doi.org/10.21278/brod69108.
  38. Yamamoto, K., Kubo, M., Asaki, K., Kanuma, Y., 2004. An experimental research on internal stress of ropes under repeated load. J. Japan Inst. Nav. 112, 353-359. https://doi.org/10.9749/jin.112.353 ([in Japanese]).
  39. Yamamoto, K., Kubo, M., Asaki, K., 2006. Comparison between numerical calculation and experimental results of temperature rise on rope under repeated load. J. Japan Inst. Nav. 116, 269-275. https://doi.org/10.9749/jin.116.269 ([in Japanese]).
  40. Yamamoto, K., 2007. Basic Research on Preventing Breakage of Mooring Ropes. PhD Diss. Kobe University ([in Japanese]).
  41. Yoneyama, H., Minemura, K., Moriya, T., 2017. A study on calculation methods of allowable wave heights of a moored ship in remote island ports. J. Japan Soc. Civ. Eng. 73 (2), 803-808. https://doi.org/10.2208/jscejoe.73.I_803 ([in Japanese]).