DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Comparative Insect Biodiversity Analyses on the Agricultural Ecosystems of Goesan District of Korea

괴산군 지역 농업 생태계의 곤충 다양성 비교 분석

  • 김훈 (단국대학교 과학기술대학 생명과학부) ;
  • 순옌 (단국대학교 과학기술대학 생명과학부) ;
  • 이승민 (단국대학교 과학기술대학 생명과학부) ;
  • 구본진 (단국대학교 과학기술대학 생명과학부) ;
  • 구윤모 (단국대학교 공공보건과학대학 환경자원경제학과) ;
  • 김태연 (단국대학교 공공보건과학대학 환경자원경제학과) ;
  • 문명진 (단국대학교 과학기술대학 생명과학부)
  • Received : 2020.11.10
  • Accepted : 2021.08.10
  • Published : 2021.11.30

Abstract

Agricultural ecosystem biodiversity monitoring and community variation analysis of insects were conducted from 2016 to 2018 in selected conventional and organic farming fields in Goesan district, Chungcheongbuk-do, South Korea. The total number of 1,125 species in 16 orders and 207 families were identified. The numbers of species collected in the locations practicing organic farming were greater than the conventional farming both in the paddy fields (564 vs. 383 species) and the upland fields (471 vs. 365 species). Among them, Hemiptera had the most abundant of species, followed by Diptera, Hymenoptera, Coleoptera and Araneae. We calculated various index values of biodiversity (diversity index H', richness index R, evenness index J', dominance index D, and similarity index QS) based on quantitative measurements of species and individuals collected over three years of field monitoring. Variations in biodiversity index values in different agricultural systems show that the positive effect of organic farming is to produce more biodiversity than conventional farming systems. When compared to other index results reported in Korea, Japan and China, the richness index was higher and other index values were at similar levels.

본 연구는 2016년부터 2018년까지 충청북도 괴산군 일대의 조사지역에서 관행농법 및 유기농법을 시행하는 경작지의 논과 밭을 대상으로 작물 생육 기간 중 출현하는 곤충류(거미류 포함)를 지속적으로 채집하여 농업 생태계의 생물 다양성을 모니터링하였고 농법의 차이에 따른 생물 군집의 변이를 분석하였다. 총 3년간의 조사 기간 동안 25목 219과 1,138종의 곤충류가 채집되었는데, 유기농법을 시행하는 조사지에서 채집된 종 수는 관행농 조사지와 비교하여 논(650종 vs. 426종)과 밭(554종 vs. 404종) 모두에서 높은 종 다양성을 유지한 것으로 확인되었다. 곤충류의 종을 동정하고 채집된 개체 수를 통계 처리하여 목 수준에서 분류군을 비교한 결과, 노린재목에 이어 파리목, 벌목, 딱정벌레목, 거미목 순으로 높은 종 다양성이 관찰되었다. 한편, 현장 모니터링을 통해 채집된 종 및 개체의 정량적 측정을 통해 다양한 생물 다양도 지수를 비교한 결과, 유기농지의 종 다양도 지수(H')와 종균등도 지수(J'), 그리고 종 풍부도 지수(RI) 등이 모두 관행농지에 비해 높은 값을 나타내어, 유기농업이 곤충류 종 다양성에 미치는 긍정적인 효과가 입증되었다. 또한, 우점도 지수(DI)와 유사도 지수(QS) 분석 결과에서도 유기농법을 시행하는 농지의 생물 종 다양성이 관행농지에 비해 간섭받지 않고, 보다 독립적으로 유지됨을 확인할 수 있었다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 농림축산식품부의 재원으로 농림수산식품기술기획평가원(농생명산업기술개발사업)의 지원을 받아 연구되었음(과제번호 316032-5).

References

  1. Ahn, C. H., Y. J. Oh, S. M. Ock, W. J. Lee, S. I. Sohn, M. H. Kim, Y. E. Na, and C. S. Kim. 2017. The Comparison of community characteristics of ground-dwelling invertebrates according agroecosystem types in the eastern region of the Korean peninsula. Kor. J. Appl. Entomol. 56: 29-39. https://doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2016.11.0.056
  2. Baker, M. E. and R. S. King. 2010. A new method for detecting and interpreting biodiversity and ecological community thresholds. Methods Ecol. Evol. 1: 25-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210X.2009.00007.x
  3. Bengtsson, J., J. Ahnstrom, and A. Weibull. 2005. The Effects of Organic Agriculture on Biodiversity and Abundance: a meta-analysis. J. Appl. Ecol. 42: 261-269. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.01005.x
  4. Billeter, R., J. Liira, D. Bailey, R. Bugter, P. Arens, I. Augenstein, S. Aviron, J. Baudry, R. Bukacek, F. Burel, M. Cerny, G. D. Blust, R. D. Cock, T. Diekotter, H. Dietz, J. Dirksen, C. Dormann, W. Durka, M. Frenzel, R. Hamersky, F. Hendrickx, F. Herzog, S. Klotz, B. Koolstra, A. Lausch, D. L. Coeur, J. P. Maelfait, P. Opdam, M. Roubalova, A. Schermann, N. Schermann, T. Schmidt, O. Schweiger, M. J. M. Smulders, M. Speelmans, P. Simova, J. Verboom, W. K. R. E. V. Wingerden, M. Zobel, and P. J. Edwards. 2008. Indicators for Biodiversity in Agricultural Landscapes: a Pan-European Study. J. Appl. Ecol. 45: 141-150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2007.01393.x
  5. Boutin, C., P. A. Martin, and A. Baril. 2008. Arthropod diversity as affected by agricultural management (organic and conventional farming), plant species, and landscape context. Ecoscience 16: 492-501. https://doi.org/10.2980/16-4-3250
  6. Buchs, W., A. Harenberg, J. Zimmermann, and B. Weiss. 2003. Biodiversity, the ultimate agri-environmental indicator? Potential and limits for the application of faunistic elements as gradual indicators in agroecosystems. Agri. Ecosys. Environ. 98: 35-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(03)00070-7
  7. Caro, M. T. and G. O'Doherty. 1999. On the use of surrogate species in conservation biology. Conserv. Biol. 13: 805-814. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98338.x
  8. Consoli, F. L., J. R. P. Parra, and S. A. Hassan. 2009. Side-effects of Insecticides Used in tomato fields on the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hym., Trichogrammatidae), A natural enemy of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lep., Gelechiidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 122: 43-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1998.tb01459.x
  9. Desneux, N., A. Decourtye, and J. M. Delpuech. 2007. The Sublethal effects of pesticide on beneficial arthropods. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 52: 81-106. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091440
  10. Duelli, P. and M. K. Obrist. 1998. In search of the best correlates for local organismal biodiversity in cultivated areas. Biodiv. Conserv. 7: 297-309. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008873510817
  11. Dufrene, M. and P. Legendre. 1997. Species assemblages and indicator species: the need for a flexible asymmetrical approach. Ecol. Monograph. 67: 345-366. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(1997)067[0345:SAAIST]2.0.CO;2
  12. Erwin, T. L. 1982. Tropical forests: their richness in Coleoptera and other arthropod species. Coleopt. Bull. 36: 74-75.
  13. Foelix, R. 2011. Biology of Spiders, 3rd ed. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
  14. Gabriel, D., S. M. Sait, W. E. Kunin, and T. G. Benton. 2013. Food production vs. biodiversity: comparing organic and conventional agriculture. J. Appl. Ecol. 50: 355-364. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12035
  15. Grant, I. F., A. C. Tirol, T. Aziz, and I. Watanabe. 1983. Regulation of invertebrate Grazers as a means to enhance biomass and nitrogen fixation of Cyanophyceae in wetland rice fields, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 47: 669-675. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1983.03615995004700040013x
  16. Gurr, G. M., S. D. Wratten, and M. A. Altieri. 2004. Ecological Engineering for Pest Management: Habitat Manipulation for Arthropods. CSIRO Publ. Collingwood, Australia.
  17. Hadjicharalampous, E., K. L. Kalburtji, and A. P. Mamolos. 2002. Soil arthropods (Coleoptera, Isopoda) in organic and conventional agroecosystems. Environ. Manage. 29: 683-690. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-001-0056-5
  18. Han, M. S., H. K. Nam, K. K. Kang, M. R. Kim, Y. E. Na, H. R. Kim, and M. H. Ki. 2013. Characteristics of benthic invertebrates in organic and conventional paddy field. Kor. J. Environ. Agri. 32: 17-23. https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2013.32.1.17
  19. Hoare, J. M., C. F. J. O'Donnell, and E. F. Wright. 2010. Selection of indicator species for state of the environment reporting: a case study from New Zealand. Pac. Conserv. Biol. 16: 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1071/pc100076
  20. Hole, D. G., A. J. Perkins, J. D. Wilson, I. H. Alexander, P. V. Grice, and A. D. Evans. 2005. Does organic farming benefit biodiversity? Biol. Conserv. 122: 113-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2004.07.018
  21. Jaafar, W. N. W., N. Mazlan, N. A. Adam, and D. Omar. 2013. Evaluation on the effects of insecticides on biodiversity of arthropod in rice ecosystem. Acta Biol. Malays. 2: 115-123.
  22. Kim, D. I., S. G. Kim, S. J. Ko, B. R. Kang, D. S. Choi, K. H. Lim, and S. S. Kim. 2011. Biodiversity of invertebrate on organic and conventional pear orchards. Kor. J. Organ. Agri. 19: 93-107.
  23. Kim, G. S., H. J. Heo, J. A. Park, Y. S. Yu, E. H. Hahm, S. Y. Kang, K. M. Kwon, K. H. Lee, and Y. G. Kim. 2008. Efficacy of an integrated biological control of an egg parasitoid, Trichogramma evanescens Westwood, and microbial insecticide against the oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta (Guenee) infesting hot pepper. Kor. J. Appl. Entomol. 47: 435-445. https://doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2008.47.4.435
  24. Kim, H., J. H. Seo, K. J. Kim, G. I. Choi, Y. J. Jo, T. Y. Kim, and M. J. Moon. 2017. Comparative analysis on the invertebrate biodiversity between organic and conventional agriculture fields. Kor. J. Organ. Agri. 25: 875-900. https://doi.org/10.11625/KJOA.2017.25.4.875
  25. Kim, H., K. J. Kim, Y. Sun, Y. J. Jo, T. Y. Kim, and M. J. Moon. 2018. Change in biodiversity and community structures in agricultural fields depending on different farming methods. Kor. J. Organ. Agri. 26: 687-706. https://doi.org/10.11625/KJOA.2018.26.4.687
  26. Kim, H., Y. Sun, T. Y. Kim, and M. J. Moon. 2020. Biodiversity monitoring for selection of insect and spider bioindicators at local organic agricultural habitats in South Korea. Entomol. Res. 50: DOI: 10.1111/1748-5967.12469
  27. Kim, M. H., H. S. Bang, M. S. Han, H.K. Hong, Y. E. Na, K. K. Kang, J. T. Lee, and D. B. Lee. 2009. Effect of vegetation types on the distribution of soil invertebrates. Kor. J. Environ. Agri. 28: 125-130. https://doi.org/10.5338/KJEA.2009.28.2.125
  28. Kim, M. H., L. J. Choe, M. S. Han, S. K. Choi, Y. E. Na, K. K. Kang, and J. Eo. 2016. Effects of conventional and organic farming on ground-dwelling invertebrates in paddy levees. Kor. J. Organ. Agri. 24: 539-556. https://doi.org/10.11625/KJOA.2016.24.3.539
  29. Klaus, V. H., T. Kleinebecker, D. Prati, M. M. Gossner, F. Alt, S. Boch, S. Gockel, A. Hemp, M. Lange, J. Muller, Y. Oelmann, E. Pasalic, S. C. Renner, S. A. Socher, M. Turke, W. W. Weisser, M. Fischer, and N. Holzel. 2013. Does organic grassland farming benefit plant and arthropod diversity at the expense of yield and soil fertility? Agri. Ecosys. Environ. 177: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2013.05.019
  30. Kromp, B. 1999. Carabid beetles in sustainable agriculture: a review on pest control efficacy, cultivation impacts and enhancement. Agri. Ecosys. Environ. 74: 187-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00037-7
  31. Lee, S. Y., S. T. Kim, J. S. Im, J. K. Jung, and J. H. Lee. 2013. Comparison of community structure and biodiversity of arthropods between conventional and organic red pepper fields. Kor. J. Organ. Agri. 21: 601-615. https://doi.org/10.11625/KJOA.2013.21.4.601
  32. Lee, W., M. McGlone, and E. Wright. 2005. Biodiversity inventory and monitoring: a review of national and international systems and a proposed framework for future biodiversity monitoring by the Department of Conservation. Landcare Research Contract Report LC0405/122.
  33. Letourneau, D. K. and B. Goldstein, 2001. Pest damage and arthropod community structure in organic vs. conventional tomato production in California. J. Appl. Ecol. 38: 557-570. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2664.2001.00611.x
  34. Lindenmayer, D. B., C. R. Margules, and D. B. Botkin. 2000. Indicators of biodiversity for ecologically sustainable forest management. Conserv. Biol. 14: 941-950. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98533.x
  35. Mader, P., A. Fliessbach, D. Dubois, L. Gunst, P. Fried, and U. Niggli. 2002. Soil fertility and biodiversity in organic farming. Science 296: 1694-1697. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1071148
  36. Margalef, R. 1958. Temporal succession and spatial heterogeneity in phytoplankton. In: Buzzati-Traverso, A. A. (ed.) Perspectives in Marine Biology. pp. 323-349. Univ. California Press, Berkeley.
  37. McNaughton, S. J. 1967. Relationship among functional properties of California grassland. Amer. Natur. 216: 168-169. https://doi.org/10.1038/216168b0
  38. Mesleard, F., S. Garnero, N. Beck, and E. Rosecchi. 2005. Uselessness and Indirect negative effects of an insecticide on rice field invertebrates. C. R. Biol. 328: 955-962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2005.09.003
  39. Moon, H. C., I. K. Cho, J. R. Im, B. R. Goh, D. H. Kim, and H. C. Yeon. 2006. Seasonal occurrence and damage by thrips on open red pepper in Jeonbuk province. Kor. J. Appl. Entomol. 45: 9-13.
  40. Navntoft, S., P. Esbjerg, and W. Riedel. 2006. Effects of reduced pesticides dosages on carabids (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in winter wheat. Agri. Forest Entomol. 8: 57-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9555.2006.00282.x
  41. Niemela, J., J. Kotze, A. Ashworth, P. Bradmayr, K. Desender, T. New, L. Penev, M. Samways, and J. Spence. 2000. The search for common anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity: a global network. J. Insect Conserv. 4: 3-9. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009655127440
  42. Oehl, F., E. Sieverding, K. Ineichen, P. Mader, T. Boller, and A. Wiemken. 2003. Impact of land use intensity on the species diversity of Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agroecosytems of central Europe. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 5: 2816-2824.
  43. Paek, M. K., J. M. Hwang, K. S. Jung, T. W. Kim, M. C. Kim, Y. J. Lee, Y. B. Jo, S. W. Park, H. S. Lee, D. S. Ku, J. C. Jeong, K. G. Kim, D. S. Choi, E. H. Shin, J. H. Hwang, J. S. Lee, S. S. Kim, and Y. S. Bae. 2010. Checklist of Korean Insects. In: Paek, M. K. and Y. K. Cho (ed.) Nature and Ecology. Academic Press, Seoul, Korea.
  44. Park, K. L., M. J. Kong, N. C. Kim, and J. K. Son. 2012. The analysis of vegetation characteristics of organic rice paddy for value assessment of the rice paddy wetland. J. Wetlands Res. 14: 59-73. https://doi.org/10.17663/JWR.2012.14.1.059
  45. Paoletti, M. G. 1999. Using bioindicators based on biodiversity to assess landscape sustainability. Agri. Ecosys. Environ. 74: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00027-4
  46. Paoletti, M., G., A. D'inca, E. Tonin, S. Tonon, C. Migliorini, G. Petruzzelli, B. Pezzarossa, T. Gomiero, and D. Sommaggio. 2009. Soil invertebrates as bio-indicators in a natural area converted from agricultural use: the case study of Vallevecchia-Lugugnana in north-eastern Italy. J. Sustain. Agri. 34: 38-56. https://doi.org/10.1080/10440040903396698
  47. Pielou, E. C. 1966. The measurement of diversity in different types of biological collections. J. Theoret. Biol. 13: 131-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5193(66)90013-0
  48. Pielou, E. C. 1975. Ecological Diversity. Wiley, New York.
  49. Power, E. F. and J. C. Stout. 2011. Organic dairy farming: impact on Insect-flower interaction networks and pollination. J. Appl. Ecol. 48: 561-569. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2010.01949.x
  50. Power, E. F., D. L. Kelly, and J. C. Stout. 2012. Organic farming and landscape structure: effects on insect-pollinated plant diversity in intensively managed grasslands. PLoS ONE 7: e38073. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0038073
  51. Prasetyo, D. B., S. Koji, and N. Tuno. 2016. A comparison of aquatic invertebrate diversity between paddy fields under traditional and modern management in western Japan. Agri. Res. 1: 25-41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-011-0011-5
  52. Rundolf, M. and H. G. Smith. 2006. The effect of organic farming on butterfly diversity depends on landscape context. J. Appl. Ecol. 43: 1121-1127. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2006.01233.x
  53. Siddig, A. A. H., A. M. Ellison, A. Ochs, C. Villar-Leeman, and M. K. Lau. 2016. How do ecologists select and use indicator species to monitor ecologial change? Insights from 14 years of publication in ecological indicators. Ecol. Indicat. 60: 223-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.06.036
  54. Song, J. H., Y. S. Cho, K. H. Lim, and H. C. Lee. 2013. Current status of pest management and biodiversity in organic pear orchards in Korea. Kor. J. Environ. Agri. 21: 617-627.
  55. Sorensen, T. 1948. A method of establishing groups of equal amplitude in plant sociology based on similarity of species and its application to analyses of the vegetation on Danish commons. Biol. Skr. 5:1-34.
  56. Takada M. B., S. Takagi, S. Iwabuchi, T. Mineta, and I. Washitani. 2014. Comparison of generalist predators in winter-flooded and conventionally managed rice paddies and identification of their limiting factors. SpringerPlus 3: 418. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-418
  57. Tanaka, K., S. Endo, and H. Kazano. 2000. Toxicity of insecticides to predators of rice planthoppers: spiders, the mirid bug and the dryinid wasp. Appl. Entomol. Zool. 35: 177-187. https://doi.org/10.1303/aez.2000.177
  58. Theiling, K. M. and B. A. Croft. 1988. Pesticide side-effects on arthropod natural enemies: a database summary. Agri. Ecosys. Environ. 21: 191-218. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(88)90088-6
  59. Weibull, A. C., O. Ostman, and A. Granqvist. 2003. Species richness in the effect of landscape, habitat and farm management. Biodiv. Conserv. 12: 1335-1355. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023617117780
  60. Wilson, A. L., D. S. Ryder, R. J. Watts, and M. M. Stevens. 2005. Stable isotope analysis of aquatic invertebrate communities in irrigated rice fields cultivated under different management regimes. Aquat. Ecol. 39: 189-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10452-004-7085-0
  61. Wright, S. F., J. L. Starr, and I. C. Paltineanu. 1999. Changes in aggregate stability and concentration of glomalin during tillage management transition. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 63: 1825-1829. https://doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1999.6361825x
  62. Yang, J. O., E. H. Kim, C. M. Yoon, K. S. Ahn, and G. H. Kim. 2009. Comparison of feeding behavior of B and Q biotypes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) against red pepper and tomato varietiees. Kor. J. Appl. Entomol. 48: 179-188. https://doi.org/10.5656/KSAE.2009.48.2.179