Journal of Korea Port Economic Association (한국항만경제학회지)

The Korea Port Economic Association (한국항만경제학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

An Study on Estimating Cargo Handling Equipment Emission in the Port of Incheon

인천항 하역장비 대기오염물질 배출량 산정 연구

  • 조정정 (인천대학교 동북아물류대학원) ;
  • 범태황 (인천대학교 동북아물류대학원) ;
  • 이향숙 (인천대학교 동북아물류대학원)
  • Received : 2020.04.06
  • Accepted : 2020.09.23
  • Published : 2020.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Currently, in-port emissions are a serious problem in port cities. However, emissions, especially non-greenhouse gases, from the operation of cargo handling equipment (CHE) have received significant attention from scientific circles. This study estimates the amount of emissions from on-land port diesel-powered CHE in the Port of Incheon. With real-time activity data provided by handling equipment operating companies, this research applies an activity-based approach to capture an up-to-date and reliable diesel-powered CHE emissions inventory during 2017. As a result, 105.6 tons of carbon monoxide (CO), 243.2 tons of nitrogen oxide (NOx), 0.005 tons of sulfur oxide (Sox), 22.8 tons of particulate matter (PM), 26.0 tons of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and 0.2 tons of ammonia (NH3) were released from the landside CHE operation. CO and NOx emissions are the two primary air pollutants from the CHE operation in the Port of Incheon, contributing 87.71% of the total amount of emissions. Cranes, forklifts, tractors, and loaders are the four major sources of pollution in the Port of Incheon, contributing 84.79% of the total in-port CHE emissions. Backward diesel-powered machines equipped in these CHE are identified as a key cause of pollution. Therefore, this estimation emphasizes the significant contribution of diesel CHE to port air pollution and suggests the following green policies should be applied: (1) replacement of old diesel powered CHE by new liquefied natural gas and electric equipment; (2) the use of NOx reduction after-treatment technologies, such as selective catalytic reduction in local ports. In addition, a systematic official national emission inventory preparation method and consecutive annual in-port CHE emission inventories are recommended to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of green policies conducted in the future.

최근들어 항만도시에서의 대기오염이 심각한 문제로 대두되고 있다. 그러나 항만의 하역기계에서 배출되는 온실가스는 선박, 트럭 등 타 수단에 비해 상대적으로 주목받지 못하였다. 본 연구에서는 인천항에서 디젤엔진으로 가동되는 하역기계로부터 배출되는 대기오염물질 배출량을 산정하였다. 이를 위해 각 항만하역사로부터 2017년 기준 하역장비의 대수, 제원, 가동시간 등 활동자료를 수집하였다. 분석 결과, CO 105.6톤, NOX 243.2톤, SOX 0.005톤, PM 22.8톤, VOC 26.0톤, NH3 0.2톤이 발생한 것으로 나타났다. CO와 NOX의 배출은 하역기계 전체 배출량의 87.71%를 차지하였으며, 크레인, 지게차, 트랙터, 로더의 배출량이 하역기계 전체 배출량의 84.79%를 차지하였다. 또한 노후화된 디젤엔진을 장착한 하역기계가 주 배출원임을 규명하였다. 분석된 대기오염물질 배출량 수치는 하역기계에 의한 항만 대기 오염의 심각성을 나타내며, 다음과 같은 친환경장비 도입이 시급함을 시사한다. 첫째, 오래된 디젤 장비의 LNG연료 또는 전기장비로의 교체가 필요하다. 둘째, NOX의 배출을 감소시킬 수 있는 선택적환원촉매(SCR)와 같은 후처리장비의 사용이 필요하다. 향후 체계적이고 공식적인 국가 대기오염배출 인벤토리 정립 방법을 설정하고, 매년 하역기계에서 배출되는 대기오염물질 배출량을 모니터링 및 평가하는 것이 필요하다.

Keywords

References

  1. Agrawal, H., Welch, W. A., Miller, J. W., & Cocker, D. R. (2008). Emission measurements from a crude oil tanker at sea. Environmental science & technology, 42(19), 7098-7103. https://doi.org/10.1021/es703102y
  2. Ameriacan Association of Port Authorities (2016), World port rankings 2016.
  3. California Air Resources Board, 2007. Off-road emission inventory program.
  4. Corbett, J. J., & Fischbeck, P. (1997). Emissions from ships. Science, 278(5339), 823-824. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.278.5339.823
  5. Dallmann, T., & Menon, A. (2016). Technology pathways for diesel engines used in non-road vehicles and equipment. International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT): Washington, DC, USA.
  6. Dieselnet. Korea: Diesel fuel.
  7. Droge, R., Kuenen, J. J. P., Pulles, M. P. J., & Heslinga, D. C. (2010). The revised EMEP/EEA Guidebook compared to the country specific inventory system in the Netherlands. Atmospheric Environment, 44(29), 3503-3510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.020
  8. EEA, 2019. EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook 2019.
  9. Eyring, V., Isaksen, I. S., Berntsen, T., Collins, W. J., Corbett, J. J., Endresen, O., ... & Stevenson, D. S. (2010). Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Shipping. Atmospheric Environment, 44(37), 4735-4771. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.04.059
  10. Green Growth Korea (2019), National assembly's press release about 5 paticular matter controling laws.
  11. Green Growth Korea (2013), National strategy.
  12. Green Growth Korea (2015), Raising the anchor of building green port.
  13. Guan, B., Zhan, R., Lin, H., & Huang, Z. (2014). Review of state of the art technologies of selective catalytic reduction of NOx from diesel engine exhaust. Applied Thermal Engineering, 66(1-2), 395-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.02.021
  14. Han, S. H., Youn, J. S., Kim, W. J., Seo, Y. H., & Jung, Y. W. (2011). Estimation of air pollutant emissions from port-related sources in the port of Incheon. Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 27(4), 460-471. https://doi.org/10.5572/KOSAE.2011.27.4.460
  15. Hasegawa, M., & Fukamachi, S. (2014). U.S. Patent Application No. 13/880,748.
  16. Incheon Port Authority (2019a), Incheon Port overview.
  17. Incheon Port Authority (2019b). Green management vision and goal.
  18. Incheon Port Authority. Introduction.
  19. Jia, X., Feng, X., & Jiang, L. (2014). Research of air pollutants from cargo handling equipment. J East China Jiaotong Univ, 3, 12-17.
  20. Kean, A. J., Sawyer, R. F., & Harley, R. A. (2000). A fuel-based assessment of off-road diesel engine emissions. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 50(11), 1929-1939. https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2000.10464233
  21. Kui X. Establishment of a list of non-road mobile source emission in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. in: proceedings of the 2013 annual conference of the Chinese academy of environmental sciences, Yunnan, Kunming, 1 August 2013, vol. 3, p.7. Beijing: China Environmental Science Society.
  22. Kurokawa, J. (2013). Emisions of air pollutants and greenhouse gases over Asian regions during 2000-2008: Regional Emission inventory in ASia (REAS) version 2. Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss., 13, 10046-10123.
  23. Lee, D. G., Lee, Y. M., Jang, K. W., Yoo, C., Kang, K. H., Lee, J. H., ... & Hong, J. H. (2011). Korean national emissions inventory system and 2007 air pollutant emissions. Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment, 5(4), 278-291. https://doi.org/10.5572/ajae.2011.5.4.278
  24. Lewis, P., Rasdorf, W., Frey, H. C., Pang, S. H., & Kim, K. (2009). Requirements and incentives for reducing construction vehicle emissions and comparison of nonroad diesel engine emissions data sources. Journal of Construction Engineering and management, 135(5), 341-351. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0000008
  25. Li, D. L., Wu, Y., Zhou, Y., Du, X., & Fu, L. X. (2012). Fuel consumption and emission inventory of typical construction equipments in China. Huan jing ke xue= Huanjing kexue, 33(2), 518-524.
  26. Lindgren, M., & Hansson, P. A. (2004). Effects of transient conditions on exhaust emissions from two non-road diesel engines. Biosystems Engineering, 87(1), 57-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2003.10.001
  27. Lyons, J. M., Carlock, M., & Carlson, T. R. (2010). Emissions from Diesel-Fueled Non-Road Equipment in California.
  28. Millstein, D. E., & Harley, R. A. (2009). Revised estimates of construction activity and emissions: Effects on ozone and elemental carbon concentrations in southern California. Atmospheric Environment, 43(40), 6328-6335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.09.028
  29. Monforti, F., & Pederzoli, A. (2005). THOSCANE: a tool to detail CORINAIR emission inventories. Environmental Modelling & Software, 20(5), 505-508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsoft.2004.07.001
  30. NIER. Air pollutants. Retrieved from http://airemiss.nier.go.kr/mbshome/mbs/airemiss/subview.do?id=airemiss_020200000000
  31. Port of Long Beach (2018). 2018 Air Emissions Inventory.
  32. Port of Los Angeles (2018). Annual Inventory of Air Emissions.
  33. Pouliot, G., Pierce, T., van der Gon, H. D., Schaap, M., Moran, M., & Nopmongcol, U. (2012). Comparing emission inventories and model-ready emission datasets between Europe and North America for the AQMEII project. Atmospheric Environment, 53, 4-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.12.041
  34. Samaras, Z., & Zierock, K. H. (1995). Off-road vehicles: a comparison of emissions with those from road transport. Science of the total environment, 169(1-3), 249-255. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(95)98123-Z
  35. Shao, Z. (2016). Non-road emission inventory model methodology. The international council on clean transportation (Working paper), 4.
  36. Song, S. (2014). Ship emissions inventory, social cost and eco-efficiency in Shanghai Yangshan port. Atmospheric Environment, 82, 288-297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.006
  37. Tan, H., Liu, J., Shen, Y., & Fang, Y. (2013). Emission inventory of air pollutants from cargo handling equipment. Environ Sci Manage, 6, 82-87.
  38. The United States Environemtal Protection Agency, 2008. Nonroad model, nonroad engines equipment and vehicles.
  39. The United States Environemtal Protection Agency, 2009. Epa technical highlights: emission factors for locomotives, epa office of transportation and air quality.
  40. The United States Environemtal Protection Agency, 2010a. Median life, annual activity and load factor values for nonroad engine emission modeling.
  41. The United States Environemtal Protection Agency, 2010b. Exhaust and crankcase emission factor for nonroad engine modeling compression ignition.
  42. Trozzi, C. (2010). Emission estimate methodology for maritime navigation. Techne Consulting, Rome.
  43. Yang, Y. C., & Chang, W. M. (2013). Impacts of electric rubber-tired gantries on green port performance. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 8, 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2013.04.002
  44. Yang, Y. C., & Sam, K. Y. (2009). To evaluate operating efficiency of cargo handling facilities in the Container Yard. Maritime Quarterly, 18(3), 37-54. (in Chinese context)
  45. Zhang, L. J., Zheng, J. Y., Yin, S. S., Peng, K., & Zhong, L. J. (2010). Development of non-road mobile source emission inventory for the Pearl River Delta region. Huan jing ke xue=Huanjing kexue, 31(4), 886-891.
  46. Zhang, Y., Peng, Y. Q., Wang, W., Gu, J., Wu, X. J., & Feng, X. J. (2017). Air emission inventory of container ports' cargo handling equipment with activity-based "bottom-up" method. Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 9(7), 1687814017711389.