Toxicological Research

Korean Society of Toxicology & Korea Environmental Mutagen Society (한국독성학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Acute and subacute dermal toxicity of ethanolic extract of Melastoma malabathricum leaves in Sprague-Dawley rats

  • Reduan, Farhan Hanif (Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)) ;
  • Shaari, Rosly Mohd (Animal Science Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute Headquarters) ;
  • Sayuti, Nurul Syahirah Ahmad (Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)) ;
  • Mustapha, Noordin Mohamed (Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)) ;
  • Bakar, Md Zuki Abu (Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia) ;
  • Sithambaram, Shanmugavelu (Animal Science Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute Headquarters) ;
  • Hamzah, Hazilawati (Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM))
  • Received : 2019.03.04
  • Accepted : 2019.08.22
  • Published : 2020.07.15
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Melastoma malabathricum is a well-known herb in Malaysia where it being used in various ways for treatment of different diseases and ailments including skin problems. The study aims to investigate acute and subacute dermal toxicity of ethanolic extract of M. malabathricum leaves following to a single or repeated doses exposure. A total of 30 female Sprague-Dawley rats were grouped into 5 groups (n = 6 per group) for both acute and subacute toxicity study. The duration for each study was determined at 14 days for acute toxicity and 28 days for subacute toxicity. The rats were topically applied with the plant extract at three different doses; 2.5%, 5.0% and 10.0% on the shaved area of dorsal skin. For acute toxicity study, rats in all three groups received single application of the extract on the first day of the experimental period, while rats in subacute toxicity study were topically applied with the extract once daily for 28 days. Throughout the respective 14-day and 28-day study periods, all rats were monitored for any changes in their physical appearance and behavioural patterns that might develop due to toxic effects of the plant. There were no mortality or abnormal physical appearance, and physiological and behavioural changes observed in all rats in both studies. Body weights, kidney and liver weights, and both haematology and serum biochemistry results showed no significant (p > 0.05) differences between all groups in both studies. All of the findings were supported by normal macroscopic and microscopic architectures of liver, kidneys and skin of all rats applied topically with the extract. This study suggests that topical application of M. malabathricum leaf ethanolic extract at 2.5%, 5% and 10% does not induce acute and subacute adverse effects on the skin or systemic toxic reactions in rats.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) for providing IPS Research Grant (GP-IPS/2016/9489700) and MARDI for providing Animal Research Facilities. The authors would also like to thank staff at the Veterinary Haematology and Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory, UPM and Animal Science Research Centre, MARDI for their contribution and cooperation towards completion of this study.

References

  1. Meyer K (2001) Revision of the Southeast Asian genus Melastoma. Blumea 46:351-398
  2. Lohezic-Le Devehat F, Bakhtiar A, Bezivin C, Amoros M, Boustie J (2002) Antiviral and cytotoxic activities of some Indonesian plants. Fitoterapia 73:400-405 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(02)00125-9
  3. Sharma HK, Chhangte L, Dolui AK (2001) Traditional medicinal plants in Mizoram, India. Fitoterapia 72:146-161 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00278-1
  4. OECD (2017) Test no. 402: acute dermal toxicity. OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section 4. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264070585-en
  5. OECD (1981) Test no. 410: repeated dose dermal toxicity: 21/28-day study, OECD guidelines for the testing of chemicals, section 4. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264070745-en
  6. Ernst E (2000) Adverse effects of herbal drugs in dermatology. BJD 143:923-929 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2133.2000.03822.x
  7. Djerrou Z, Djaalab H, Riachi F, Serakta M, Chettoum A, Maameri Z, Hamdi-Pacha Y (2013) Irritantcy potential and sub acute dermal toxicity study of Pistacia lentiscus fatty oil as a topical traditional remedy. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med 10:480-489
  8. Nurul SAS, Hazilawati H, Rosly MS, Mohd FHR, Noordin MM, Norhaizan ME (2018) Subacute oral toxicity assesment of ethanol extract of Mariposa christia vespertilionis leaves in male Sprague Dawley rats. Toxicol Res 34:85-95 https://doi.org/10.5487/TR.2018.34.2.085
  9. Saleem U, Amin S, Ahmad B, Azeem H, Anwar F, Mary S (2017) Acute oral toxicity evaluation of aqueous ethanolic extract of Saccharum munja Roxb. roots in albino mice as per OECD 425 TG. Toxicol Rep 4:580-585 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.10.005
  10. Azubike NC, Okwuosa CN, Achukwu PU, Maduka TC, Chike O (2015) Acute toxicity and histopathological effects of crude aqueous extract of Jatropha curcas leaves in mice. Res J Med Plants 9:340-346 https://doi.org/10.3923/rjmp.2015.340.346
  11. Pednekar PP, Dhumal RV, Datar AG, Vanage GR (2013) In vivo dermal absorption and subacute toxicity studies of essential oil from Blumea eriantha DC. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 5:351-358
  12. Ajose FOA (2007) Some Nigerian plants of dermatologic importance. Int J Dermatol 46:48-55 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03466.x
  13. Karimi A, Majlesi M, Rafieian-Kopaei M (2015) Herbal versus synthetic drugs; belief and facts. J Nephropharmacol 4:27-30
  14. Asyura SNN, Hamzah H, Shaari RM, Sithambaram S, Mustapha NM (2016) Blood profiles and histopathological changes of liver and kidney tissues from male Sprague Dawley rats treated with ethanol extract of Clinacanthus nutans leaves. J Clin Toxicol 6:329. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0495.1000329
  15. Zahi AK, Hamzah H, Shaari MR, Widodo RT, Johnny L, Noordin MM (2017) Investigation and evaluation of acute and subacute dermal toxicity studies of ethanolic leaves extract of Melastoma malabathricum in Sprague Dawley rats. AJPCR 3:84-99
  16. Etuk EU, Igbokwe V, Ajagbonna OP, Egua MO (2009) Toxicological studies of a nigerian commercial polyherbal product in Albino rats. JMPR 3:52-60
  17. Soufane S, Bouzidi A, Mahdeb N, Krache S (2017) Evaluation of acute and subacute toxicity of fruit methanolic extract from Citrullus colocynthis in male Albino rats. Int J Pharmacogn Phytochem Res 9:567-580
  18. Siti SA, Norhaizan ME, Hazilawati H (2014) Histopathologic changes in liver and kidney tissues from male Sprague Dawley rats treated with Rhaphidophora decursiva (Roxb.) schott extract. J Cytol Histol S4:001
  19. Fazliana MS, Muhajir H, Hazilawati H, Shafi K, Mazleha M (2008) Effects of Ficus deltoidea aqueous extract on hematological and biochemical parameters in rats. Med J Malaysia 63:103-104
  20. Korani M, Rezayat SM, Gilani K, Bidgoli SA, Adeli S (2011) Acute and subchronic dermal toxicity of nanosilver in guinea pig. Int J Nanomed 6:855-862

Cited by

  1. Ex Vivo Live Full-Thickness Porcine Skin Model as a Versatile In Vitro Testing Method for Skin Barrier Research vol.22, pp.2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020657
  2. The Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Dissotis multiflora (Sm) Triana and Paullinia pinnata Linn Exert Inhibitory Effect on Escherichia coli Through Membrane Permeabilization, Loss of Intracellular Material, vol.11, pp.2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i2-s.4774
  3. Sub-Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Ethanol Extract of Oroxylum Indicum Leafin C57BL/6 Mice vol.14, pp.3, 2021, https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/2260