Steel and Composite Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Experimental study of failure mechanisms in elliptic-braced steel frame

  • Jouneghani, Habib Ghasemi (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University) ;
  • Haghollahi, Abbas (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University) ;
  • Beheshti-Aval, S. Bahram (Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi University of Technology)
  • Received : 2020.07.05
  • Accepted : 2020.09.30
  • Published : 2020.10.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In this article, for the first time, the seismic behavior of elliptic-braced moment resisting frame (ELBRF) is assessed through a laboratory program and numerical analyses of FEM specifically focused on the development of global- and local-type failure mechanisms. The ELBRF as a new lateral braced system, when installed in the middle bay of the frames in the facade of a building, not only causes no problem to the opening space of the facade, but also improves the structural behavior. Quantitative and qualitative investigations were pursued to find out how elliptic braces would affect the failure mechanism of ELBRF structures exposed to seismic action as a nonlinear process. To this aim, an experimental test of a ½ scale single-story single-bay ELBRF specimen under cyclic quasi-static loading was run and the results were compared with those for X-bracing, knee-bracing, K-bracing, and diamond-bracing systems in a story base model. Nonlinear FEM analyses were carried out to evaluate failure mechanism, yield order of components, distribution of plasticity, degradation of structural nonlinear stiffness, distribution of internal forces, and energy dissipation capacity. The test results indicated that the yield of elliptic braces would delay the failure mode of adjacent elliptic columns and thus, help tolerate a significant nonlinear deformation to the point of ultimate failure. Symmetrical behavior, high energy absorption, appropriate stiffness, and high ductility in comparison with the conventional systems are some of the advantages of the proposed system.

Keywords

References

  1. AISC 360-10 (2010), Specification for Structural Steel Buildings, American Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL.
  2. Akiyama, H. (1985), "Earthquake resistant limit state design for buildings". Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.
  3. Alavi, E. and Nateghi, F. (2013), "Experimental study on diagonally stiffened steel plate shear walls with central perforation", J. Constr. Steel Res., 89, 9-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2013.06.005.
  4. Applied Technology Council. (1992), "Guidelines for cyclic seismic testing of component of steel structures". Redwood City, CA: ATC-24.
  5. Astaneh-Asl, A., Goel, S.C., and Hanson, R.D. (1982) "Cyclic Behavior of Double Angle Bracing Members with End Gusset Plates," Research Report UMEE 82R7, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
  6. ASTM A 370-05. (2005), Test methods and definitions for mechanical testing of steel products, Am Soc Test Mater, 1-47.
  7. Baaskaran, E., Ponappa, P. and Shankar. S. (2019), "Study of the effect of varying shapesof holes in energy absorption characteristics on aluminium circular windowed tubes under quasi-static loading", Struct. Eng. Mech., 70(2), 153-168. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2019.70.2.153.
  8. Bertero, V.V. and Popov, E.P. (1997), "Seismic behaviour of ductile moment-resisting reinforced concrete frames", Reinforced concrete structures in seismic zones. Detroit: ACI Publication SP-53, American Concrete Institute; p. 247-291.
  9. Berman, J.W. and Bruneau, M. (2007), "Experimental and analytical investigation of tubular links for eccentrically braced frames", J. Eng. Struct., 29(8), 1929-1938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.10.012.
  10. Bosco, M., Marino, E.M. and Rossi, P.P. (2016), "Influence of modelling of steel link beams on the seismic response of EBFs", J. Eng. Struct., 127, 459-474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.08.062.
  11. Bozkurt, M.B. and Topkaya, C. (2017), "Replaceable links with direct brace attachments for eccentrically braced frames", J. Earth. Eng. Struct. D., 46(13), 2121-2139. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2896.
  12. Bozkurt, M.B. and Topkaya, C. (2018), "Replaceable links with gusseted brace joints for eccentrically braced frames", J. Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 115, 305-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2018.08.035.
  13. Bozkurt, M.B., Azad, S.K. and Topkaya, C. (2019), "Development of detachable replaceable links for eccentrically braced frames", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 48(10), 1134-1155. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.3181.
  14. Conti M.A., Mastrandrea L. and Piluso V. (2009). ''Plastic design and seismic response of Knee braced frames'', J. Adv. Steel Constr., 5(3), 343-366. https://doi.org/10.18057/IJASC.2009.5.3.8.
  15. Couto, C., Vila-Real, P., Lopes, N. and Rodrigues, J.P. (2013). ''Buckling analysis of braced and unbraced steel frames exposed to fire'', J. Eng. Struct., 49, 541-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2012.11.020.
  16. Daneshmand, A. and Hashemi, B.H. (2012) "Performance of intermediate and long links in eccentrically braced frames", J. Constr. Steel Res., 70(3), 167-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.10.011.
  17. Dowrick, D.J. (1977), "Earthquake resistant design: A manual for engineers and architects". New York: Wiley.
  18. Fu, F. (2009). ''Progressive collapse analysis of high-rise building with 3-D finite element modeling method'', J. Constr. Steel Res., 65, 1269-1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2009.02.001.
  19. Fell, B.V., Kanvinde, A.M., Deierlein, G.G. and Myers, A.T. (2009), "Experimental investigation of inelastic cyclic buckling and fracture of steel braces", J. Struct. Eng.- ASCE, 135(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)07339445(2009)135:1(19).
  20. Gelinas, A., Tremblay, R. and Davaran, A. (2012), "Seismic behavior of steel HSS X-bracing of the conventional construction category, in: ASCE/SEI Structures Congress", Chicago, IL, 1949-1660. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784412367.
  21. Ghasemi J.H. and Haghollahi, A. (2020), "Assessing the seismic behavior of Steel Moment Frames equipped by elliptical brace through incremental dynamic analysis (IDA)", J. Earth. Eng. and Eng. Vibration (EEEV), 19(2), 435-449. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11803-020-0572-z.
  22. Ghasemi J.H., Haghollahi, A., Moghaddam, H. and Sarvghad Moghadam, A.R. (2016), "Study of the seismic performance of steel frames in the elliptic bracing", JVE Int. LTD. J. Vibro Eng., 18(5), 2974-2985. https://doi.org/10.21595/jve.2016.16858.
  23. Ghasemi J.H., Haghollahi, A., Moghaddam, H. and Sarvghad Moghadam. A.R. (2019), "Assessing seismic performance of elliptic braced moment resisting frame through pushover method", J. Rehabilitation in Civil Eng. (JRCE), 2, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.22075/JRCE.2018.13030.1232.
  24. Han, S.W., Kim, W.T. and Foutch, D.A. (2007), "Seismic behavior of HSS bracing members according towidth-thickness ratio under symmetric cyclic loading", J. Struct. Eng.- ASCE, 133(2), 264-273. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)07339445(2007)133:2(264).
  25. Hibbitt, Karlsson, & Sorenson, Inc., (HKS). (2001), ABAQUS/Explicit User's Manual. Version 6.2, Hibbitt, Karlsson, & Sorenson Inc., Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
  26. IBC (International Building Code) (2015), Structure Engineering Design Provision.
  27. Ioan, A., Stratan, A., Dubina, D., Poljansek, M., Molina, F.J., Taucer, F., Pegon, P. and Sabau, G. (2016), "Experimental validation of re-centring capability of eccentrically braced frames with removable links", J. Eng. Struct., 113, 335-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.01.038.
  28. Jihong, Y. and Liqiang, J. (2018), "Collapse mechanism analysis of a steel moment frame based on structural vulnerability theory", J. Archives Civil Mech. Eng., 18(3), 833-843. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acme.2018.01.001.
  29. Kazemzadeh Azad, S. and Topkaya, C. (2017), ''A review of research on steel eccentrically braced frames'', J. Constr. Steel Res., 128, 53-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.07.032.
  30. Krawinkler, H. and Seneviratna, G. (1998), "Pros and cons of a pushover analysis of seismic performance evaluation", J. Eng. Struct., 20, 452-464. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(97)00092-8.
  31. Lee, K. and Bruneau, M. (2002), "Review of Energy Dissipation Compression Members in Concentrically Braced Frames," Report MCEER-02-0005, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Buffalo, New York.
  32. Lee, S.S., Goel, S.C. and Chao, S.H. (2004), "Performance-based design of steel moment frames using target drift and yield mechanism", Ph.D. Dissertation.
  33. Lee, S.S., Goel, S.C. and Stojadinovi, B. (2012), "Toward performance-based seismic design of structures", Earthq. Spectra, 15(3), 435-461. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1586052.
  34. Lehman, D.E., Roeder, C.W., Herman, D., Johnson, S. and Kotulka, B. (2008), "Improved seismic performance of gusset plate connections", J. Struct. Eng. - ASCE, 134(6), 890-901. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)07339445(2008)134:6(890)
  35. Lian, M., Su, M.Z. and Guo, Y. (2015), "Seismic performance of eccentrically braced frames with high strength steel combination", Steel Compos. Struct., 18(6), 1517-1539. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2015.18.6.1517.
  36. Li, S., Tian, J.B., and Liu, Y.H. (2017), "Performance-based seismic design of eccentrically braced steel frames using target drift and failure mode", Earthq. Struct., 13(5), 443-454. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2017.13.5.443.
  37. Li, Z., Liu, P., Jeong, Tang., J. and Wang, Y. (2018), "Seismic performance and failure mechanism of megabraced frame-core tube structures with different brace patterns", J. Adv. Civil Eng., Article ID 3178060, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3178060.
  38. Longo, A., Montuori, R. and Piluso, V. (2005a), "Plastic design of seismic resistant V-braced frames", Proceedings of the 4rd European Conference on Steel Structures, Maastricht.
  39. Longo, A., Montuori, R. and Piluso, V. (2008a), "Failure mode control of X-braced frames under seismic actions", J. Earth. Eng., 12(5), 728-759. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460701572955.
  40. Longo, A., Montuori, R. and Piluso, V. (2008b), "Influence of Design Criteria on Seismic Reliability of X-Braced Frames", J. Earth. Eng., 12(3), 406-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632460701457231.
  41. Longo, A., Montuori, R. and Piluso, V. (2009), "Seismic reliability of chevron braced frames with innovative concept of bracing members", J. Adv. Steel Const., 5(4), 367-389. https://doi.org/10.18057/IJASC.2009.5.4.1.
  42. Mansour, N., Christopoulos, C. and Tremblay, R. (2011), "Experimental validation of replaceable shear links for eccentrically braced steel frames". J. Struct. Eng., 137(10), 1141-1152. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000350.
  43. Mansouri, S.F. and Maheri, M.R. (2019), "Performance-based seismic design of steel frames using constraint control method", J. Adv. Struct. Eng., 22(12), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369433219849820.
  44. Martinelli, L., Mulas, M.G. and Perotti, F. (1996), "The seismic response of concentrically braced moment resisting steel frames", J. Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 25, 1275-1299. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)10969845(199611)25:11<1275::AID-EQE616>3.0.CO;2-U.
  45. Mansour, N., Christopoulos, C. and Tremblay, R. (2011), "Experimental validation of replaceable shear link for eccentrically braced steel frames", J. Struct. Eng., 137(10), 1141-1152. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000350.
  46. Mastrandrea, L. and Piluso, V., (2009), "Plastic design of eccentrically braced frames, II: Failure mode control", J. Constr. Steel Res., 65(5), 1015-1028. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.10.001.
  47. Medhekar, M.S. and Kennedy, D.J.L. (1998), "Displacement-based seismic design of building application", J. Eng. Struct., 20, 433-446. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(98)00092-3.
  48. Mirtaheri, M., Emami, F., Zoghi, M.A. and Salkhordeh, M. (2019), "Mitigation of progressive collapse in steel structures using a new passive connection", Struct. Eng. Mech., 70(4), 381-394. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2019.70.4.381.
  49. Nip, K.H., Gardner, L. and Elghazouli, A.Y. (2010), "Cyclic testing and numerical modelling of carbon steel and stainless steel tubular bracing members", J. Eng. Struct., 32(2), 424-441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.10.005.
  50. Naderpour, M.N. and Aghakouchak, A. (2018), "Probabilistic damage assessment of concentrically braced frames with built up braces". J. Constr. Steel Res., 147, 191-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.04.011.
  51. Ngo, T. and Mendis, P. (2009), "Modelling the dynamic response and failure modes of reinforced concrete structures subjected to blast and impact loading", Struct. Eng. Mech., 32(2), 269-282. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2009.32.2.269.
  52. Paulay, T. and Priestley, M.J.N. (1995) "Seismic design of reinforced concrete and masonry buildings", New York: Wiley.
  53. Rezvani, F.H. and Asgarian, B. (2014), ''Effect of seismic design level on safety against Progressive collapse of concentrically braced frames'', Steel Compos. Struct., 16(2), 135-156. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2014.16.2.135.
  54. Rosenblueth, E. (1980), "Design of earthquake resistant structures". London: Pentech Press.
  55. Sahoo, D.R. and Chao, S.H. (2010), "Performance-based plastic design method for buckling-restrained braced frames", J. Eng. Struct., 2950-2958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.05.014.
  56. Samimifar, M., Massumi, A. and Moghadam, A.S. (2019), "A new practical equivalent linear model for estimating seismic hysteretic energy demand of bilinear systems", Struct. Eng. Mech., 70(3), 289-301. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2019.70.3.289.
  57. Shaw, S.M., Kanvinde, A.M. and Fell, B.V. (2010), "Earthquake-induced net section fracture in brace connections-experiments and simulations", J. Constr. Steel Res., 66(12), 1492-1501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2010.06.002.
  58. Shin, J., Lee, K., Jeong, S.H., Lee, H.S. and Kim, J.K. (2012), "Experimental and analytical studies on buckling-restrained knee bracing systems with channel sections", Int. J. Steel Struct., 12, 93-106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-012-1009-Y.
  59. Shoeibi, S., Kafi, M.A., Gholhaki, M. (2017). "New performance-based seismic design method for structures with structural fuse system", J. Eng. Struct., 132, 745-760. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.12.002.
  60. Speicher, M.S. and Iii, J.L.H. (2016), "Collapse prevention seismic performance assessment of new eccentrically braced frames using ASCE 41", J. Eng. Struct., 117(6), 344-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.02.018.
  61. Stephens, M.T., Dusicka, P. and Lewis, G. (2018), "End web stiffeners for connecting ductile replaceable links". J. Constr. Steel Res., 150, 405-414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2018.08.037.
  62. Tremblay R. (2002), "Inelastic seismic response of steel bracing members", J. Constr. Steel Res., 58, 665-701. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0143-974X(01)00104-3.
  63. Tremblay, R. (2008), "Influence of brace slenderness on the fracture life of rectangular tubular steel bracing members subjected to seismic inelastic loading", Proceedings of the ASCE, Structures Congress, Vancouver, Canada.
  64. Wakabayashi, M. (1986), "Design of earthquake resistant buildings", New York: McGraw-Hill.
  65. Wang, F., Su, M.Z., Guo, Y. and Li, S. (2016), "Cyclic behavior of y-shaped eccentrically braced frames fabricated with high-strength steel composite", J. Constr. Steel Res., 120(2), 176-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.01.007.
  66. Wongpakdee, N., Leelataviwat, S., Goel, SC. and Liao, WC. (2014), "Performance-based design and collapse evaluation of buckling restrained knee braced truss moment frames", J. Eng. Struct., 60, 23-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.12.014.
  67. Xie, X.S., Xu, L.H. and Li, X.L. (2019), "Mechanics of a variable damping self-centering brace: Seismic performance and failure modes", Steel Compos. Struct., 31(2), 149-158. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.31.2.149.
  68. Xu, L., Fan, X., Lu, D. and., Li, Z. (2016), "Hysteretic behavior studies of self-centering energy dissipation bracing system", Steel Compos. Struct., 20(6), 697-711. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.1205.
  69. Xu, L., Fan, X.W. and Li, Z.X. (2018), "Cyclic behavior and failure mechanism of self-centering energy dissipation braces with pre-pressed combination disc springs", J. Earth. Eng. Struct. D., 46(7), 1065-1080. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2844.
  70. Xu, L, Xie., X, A., Yan., X, and Li, Z. (2019), "Seismic behavior enhancement of frame structure considering parameter sensitivity of self-centering braces", J. Struct. Eng. Mech., 71, (1), 45-56. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2019.71.1.045.
  71. Xu, L., Xie, X.S. and Li, Z.X. (2018), "A self-centering brace with superior energy dissipation capability: development and experimental study", J. Smart Mater. Struct., 27(9), https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-665X/aad5b0.
  72. Yin, Z., Feng, D. and. Yang, W. (2019), "Damage analyses of replaceable links in eccentrically braced frame (EBF) subject to cyclic loading", J. Appl. Sci., 9, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9020332.
  73. Yoo, J.H., Lehman, D.E. and Roeder, C.W. (2008), "Influence of connection design parameters on the seismic performance of braced frames", J. Constr. Steel Res., 64, 607-623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2007.11.005.