Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry (대한소아치과학회지)

Korean Academy of Pediatric Dentistry (대한소아치과학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Study on Visual Exploration of Children and Adolescents during Dental Treatment

소아청소년의 치과치료 시 시각적 탐색에 대한 연구

  • Chung, Hyunjin (Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University) ;
  • Kim, Ik-Hwan (Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University) ;
  • Kim, Seong-Oh (Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University) ;
  • Lee, Jaeho (Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University) ;
  • Lee, Koeun (Department of Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Yonsei University)
  • 정현진 (연세대학교 치과대학 소아치과학교실) ;
  • 김익환 (연세대학교 치과대학 소아치과학교실) ;
  • 김성오 (연세대학교 치과대학 소아치과학교실) ;
  • 이제호 (연세대학교 치과대학 소아치과학교실) ;
  • 이고은 (연세대학교 치과대학 소아치과학교실)
  • Received : 2019.07.17
  • Accepted : 2019.09.19
  • Published : 2020.02.29
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

초록

The aim of this study is to investigate visual exploration of children and adolescents during dental treatment by examining time ratio of eye opening in various age groups. This study reviewed 5 - 15 year-old patients who visited the department of pediatric dentistry of Yonsei University Dental Hospital from March to October 2018. Restorative treatment or sealant application was done by one pediatric dentist. A trained observer used 2 stopwatches to measure total treatment time and time of open eye. Average ratios of eye opening were calculated and compared. 60 patients were investigated, with 15 patients in each age group. Average ratio of eye opening increased as age decreased (p < .001). The average of 13 - 15 year-olds was significantly shorter than that of children younger than 12 years (p < .005). This study indicated that children have higher rates of eye opening during dental treatment than adolescents.

이 연구의 목적은 학령기 이전의 어린이, 학령기의 어린이, 그리고 청소년기 환자들의 치과 치료 중 시각적 탐색을 연구하는 것이다. 전체 치료 시간 중 눈을 뜨고 있는 시간의 비율을 측정하고 연령과의 상관관계를 조사하였다. 연세대학교 치과대학병원 소아치과에 내원하여 실란트 또는 수복 치료를 받은 5 - 15세, 총 60명의 환자들을 조사하였다. 총 치료 시간과 치료 중 눈을 뜨고 있는 시간을 측정하였고, 평균 비율을 산출하여 비교하였다. 치과 치료 중 눈을 뜨고 있는 시간의 평균 비율은 5 - 6세는 90.3%, 7 - 9세는 87.5%, 10 - 12세는 83.6%, 13 - 15세는 35.3%로 나이가 증가할수록 감소하였다. 12세 이하 어린이들의 평균 눈을 뜨고 있는 시간의 비율은 13 - 15세 청소년들에 비해 통계학적으로 유의미하게 더 길었다. 소아치과 의사는 어린이 환자들이 치과 치료 중 눈을 뜨고 있는 비율이 높다는 점을 인지하여야 한다. 눈의 손상과 감염을 방지하기 위한 적극적인 눈 보호가 필요하며, 눈을 통해 소아환자의 감정을 감지하고, 불안과 공포를 경감시키는 노력이 필요하다.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Bindemann M, Scheepers C, Burton AM : Viewpoint and center of gravity affect eye movements to human faces. J Vis , 9:7.1-16, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1167/9.14.71
  2. Kleinknecht RA, Thorndike RM, McGlynn FD, Harkavy J : Factor analysis of the dental fear survey with cross-validation. J Am Dent Assoc , 108:59-61, 1984. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.1984.0193
  3. Susskind JM, Lee DH, Anderson AK, et al.: Expressing fear enhances sensory acquisition. Nat Neurosci , 11:843-850, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2138
  4. Baranes A, Oudeyer PY, Gottlieb J : Eye movements reveal epistemic curiosity in human observers. Vision Res , 117:81-90, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2015.10.009
  5. Stokes AN, Burton JF, Beale RR : Eye protection in dental practice. N Z Dent J , 86:14-15, 1990.
  6. Farrier SL, Farrier JN, Gilmour AS : Eye safety in operative dentistry - a study in general dental practice. Br Dent J , 200:218-223, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.4813257
  7. Stamatacos C, Harrison JL : The possible ocular hazards of LED dental illumination applications. J Mich Dent Assoc , 96: 34-39, 2014.
  8. Kohn WG, Harte JA, Eklund KJ, et al.: Guidelines for infection control in dental health care settings-2003. J Am Dent Assoc , 135:33-47, 2004. https://doi.org/10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0019
  9. Smith A, Creanor S, McCowan M, et al.: Management of infection control in dental practice. J Hosp Infect , 71:353-358, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2008.11.026
  10. Kwon KA, Shipley RJ, Cameron RE, et al.: High-speed camera characterization of voluntary eye blinking kinematics. J R Soc Interface , 10:20130227, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2013.0227
  11. Itier RJ, Batty M : Neural bases of eye and gaze processing: the core of social cognition. Neurosci Biobehav Rev , 33:843-863, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.02.004
  12. Jessen S, Grossmann T : Unconscious discrimination of social cues from eye whites in infants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , 111:16208-16213, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1411333111
  13. Smith ML, Cottrell GW, Gosselin F, Schyns PG : Transmitting and decoding facial expressions. Psychol Sci , 16:184-189, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.00801.x
  14. Morris JS, DeBonis M, Dolan RJ : Human amygdala responses to fearful eyes. Neuroimage , 17:214-222, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2002.1220
  15. Whalen PJ, Kagan J, Johnstone T, et al.: Human amygdala responsivity to masked fearful eye whites. Science , 306:2061, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1103617
  16. Gamer M, Buchel C : Amygdala activation predicts gaze toward fearful eyes. J Neurosci , 29:9123-9126, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1883-09.2009
  17. Lee DH, Susskind JM, Anderson AK : Social transmission of the sensory benefits of eye widening in fear expressions. Psychol Sci , 24:957-965, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612464500
  18. Lim H, Kim M, Kim K, et al.: A survey of guardian's attitudes toward behavior guidance techniques. J Korean Acad Pediatr Dent , 44:427-436, 2017.
  19. Kalpidou MD, Power TG, Cherry KE, Gottfried NW : Regulation of emotion and behavior among 3- and 5-year-olds. J Gen Psychol , 131:159-178, 2004. https://doi.org/10.3200/GENP.131.2.159-180
  20. Shim YS, Kim AH, An SY : Dental fear and the associated factors of some middle school students in Cheongju-City. J Korea Contents Assoc , 13:295-304, 2013. https://doi.org/10.5392/JKCA.2013.13.09.295
  21. Baier K, Milgrom P, Yoshida T, et al.: Children's fear and behavior in private pediatric dentistry practices. Pediatr Dent , 26:316-321, 2004.
  22. Nakai Y, Hirakawa T, Shimono T, et al.: The children's fear survey schedule-dental subscale in Japan. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol , 33:196-204, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0528.2005.00211.x
  23. Locker D, Liddell AM : Correlates of dental anxiety among older adults. J Dent Res, 70:198-203, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345910700030801
  24. Frankl SN, Shiere FR, Fogels HR : Should the parent remain with the child in the dental operatory? J Dent Child , 29:150-163, 1962.
  25. Gottlieb J, Oudeyer PY, Lopes M, Baranes A : Informationseeking, curiosity, and attention: computational and neural mechanisms. Trends Cogn Sci , 17:585-593, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.001
  26. Collins RP, Litman JA, Spielberger CD : The measurement of perceptual curiosity. Pers Individ Differ , 36:1127-1141, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(03)00205-8
  27. Noton D, Stark L : Eye movements and visual perception. Sci Am , 224:35-43, 1971.
  28. Bertera JH, Rayner K : Eye movements and the span of the effective stimulus in visual search. Percept Psychophys , 62:576-585, 2000. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03212109
  29. Kashdan TB, Gallagher MW, Steger MF, et al.: The curiosity and exploration inventory-II: Development, factor structure, and psychometrics. J Res Pers , 43:987-998, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2009.04.011
  30. Yoo S : Factors affecting the psychology of pediatric patients. J Korean Acad Pediatr Dent , 44:384-389, 2017.
  31. Erten H, Akarslan ZZ, Bodrumlu E : Dental fear and anxiety levels of patients attending a dental clinic. Quintessence Int , 37:304-310, 2006.
  32. Taani DQ : Dental attendance and anxiety among public and private school children in Jordan. Int Dent J , 52:25-29, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1875-595X.2002.tb00593.x
  33. Kim SY, Lee JR, Han OS : A study on the practice for infection prevention of dental clinic worker. J Dent Hyg Sci , 14:397-404, 2014. https://doi.org/10.17135/jdhs.2014.14.3.397
  34. Szymanska J : Work-related vision hazards in the dental office. Ann Agric Environ Med , 7:1-4, 2000.
  35. Rueggeberg FA, Jordan DM : Effect of light-tip distance on polymerization of resin composite. Int J Prosthodont , 6:364-370, 1993.
  36. Bruzell Roll EM, Jacobsen N, Hensten-Pettersen A : Health hazards associated with curing light in the dental clinic. Clin Oral Investig , 8:113-117, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-003-0248-x
  37. Mainster MA : Spectral transmittance of intraocular lenses and retinal damage from intense light sources. Am J Ophthalmol, 85:167-170, 1978. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(14)75943-4
  38. Ram D, Shapira J, Davidovich E, et al.: Audiovisual video eyeglass distraction during dental treatment in children. Quintessence Int, 41:673-679, 2010.
  39. Chaturvedi S, Walimbe H, Nene K, et al.: Comparative evaluation of anxiety level during the conventional dental procedures with and without audiovisual distraction eyeglasses in pediatric dental patients. J Int Oral Health , 8:1016-1022, 2016.
  40. Asvanund Y, Mitrakul K, Juhong RO, Arunakul M : Effect of audiovisual eyeglasses during local anesthesia injections in 5- to 8-year-old children. Quintessence Int , 46:513-521, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3290/j.qi.a33932
  41. Al-Khotani A, Bello LA, Christidis N : Effects of audiovisual distraction on children's behaviour during dental treatment: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Acta Odontol Scand , 74:494-501, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016357.2016.1206211
  42. Corah NL : Development of a dental anxiety scale. J Dent Res , 48:596, 1969. https://doi.org/10.1177/00220345690480041801
  43. Schienle A, Scharmuller W, Stark R, et al.: Sex differences in the functional and structural neuroanatomy of dental phobia. Brain Struct Funct , 218:779-787, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-012-0428-z
  44. Wiederhold MD, Gao K, Wiederhold BK : Clinical use of virtual reality distraction system to reduce anxiety and pain in dental procedures. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw , 17:359-365, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0203