References
- Executive Committee. The diagnosis and treatment of peripheral lymphedema: 2016 consensus document of the International Society of Lymphology. Lymphology 2016;49:170-184
- Ki EY, Park JS, Lee KH, Hur SY. Incidence and risk factors of lower extremity lymphedema after gynecologic surgery in ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2016;26:1327-1332 https://doi.org/10.1097/IGC.0000000000000757
- Hayes SC, Janda M, Ward LC, Reul-Hirche H, Steele ML, Carter J, et al. Lymphedema following gynecological cancer: results from a prospective, longitudinal cohort study on prevalence, incidence and risk factors. Gynecol Oncol 2017;146:623-629 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.06.004
- Shah C, Vicini FA. Breast cancer-related arm lymphedema: incidence rates, diagnostic techniques, optimal management and risk reduction strategies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2011;81:907-914 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrobp.2011.05.043
- Mihara M, Hara H, Hayashi Y, Narushima M, Yamamoto T, Todokoro T, et al. Pathological steps of cancer-related lymphedema: histological changes in the collecting lymphatic vessels after lymphadenectomy. PLoS One 2012;7:e41126
- Ciudad P, Sabbagh MD, Agko M, Huang TCT, Manrique OJ, Roman C, et al. Surgical management of lower extremity lymphedema: a comprehensive review. Indian J Plast Surg 2019;52:81-92 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1688537
- Karpanen T, Alitalo K. Molecular biology and pathology of lymphangiogenesis. Annu Rev Pathol 2008;3:367-397 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.151515
- Kim H, Kataru RP, Koh GY. Regulation and implications of inflammatory lymphangiogenesis. Trends Immunol 2012;33:350-356 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2012.03.006
- Koshima I, Inagawa K, Urushibara K, Moriguchi T. Supermicrosurgical lymphaticovenular anastomosis for the treatment of lymphedema in the upper extremities. J Reconstr Microsurg 2000;16:437-442 https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-947150
- Neligan PC, Kung TA, Maki JH. MR lymphangiography in the treatment of lymphedema. J Surg Oncol 2017;115:18-22 https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.24337
- Garza RM, Chang DW. Lymphovenous bypass for the treatment of lymphedema. J Surg Oncol 2018;118:743-749 https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.25166
- Barrett T, Choyke PL, Kobayashi H. Imaging of the lymphatic system: new horizons. Contrast Media Mol Imaging 2006;1:230-245 https://doi.org/10.1002/cmmi.116
- Zaleska MT, Olszewski WL. Imaging lymphatics in human normal and lymphedema limbs-usefulness of various modalities for evaluation of lymph and edema fluid flow pathways and dynamics. J Biophotonics 2018;11:e201700132
- Keo HH, Gretener SB, Staub D. Clinical and diagnostic aspects of lymphedema. Vasa 2017;46:255-261 https://doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000622
- Mihara M, Hara H, Araki J, Kikuchi K, Narushima M, Yamamoto T, et al. Indocyanine green (ICG) lymphography is superior to lymphoscintigraphy for diagnostic imaging of early lymphedema of the upper limbs. PLoS One 2012;7:e38182
- Notohamiprodjo M, Weiss M, Baumeister RG, Sommer WH, Helck A, Crispin A, et al. MR lymphangiography at 3.0 T: correlation with lymphoscintigraphy. Radiology 2012;264:78-87 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12110229
- Landau MJ, Gould DJ, Patel KM. Advances in fluorescent-image guided surgery. Ann Transl Med 2016;4:392
- Akita S, Mitsukawa N, Kazama T, Kuriyama M, Kubota Y, Omori N, et al. Comparison of lymphoscintigraphy and indocyanine green lymphography for the diagnosis of extremity lymphoedema. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013;66:792-798 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjps.2013.02.023
- Liu NF, Yan ZX, Wu XF. Classification of lymphatic-system malformations in primary lymphoedema based on MR lymphangiography. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2012;44:345-349 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2012.06.019
- Lee BB, Antignani PL, Baroncelli TA, Boccardo FM, Brorson H, Campisi C, et al. IUA-ISVI consensus for diagnosis guideline of chronic lymphedema of the limbs. Int Angiol 2015;34:311-332
- Seki Y, Kajikawa A, Yamamoto T, Takeuchi T, Terashima T, Kurogi N. Real-time Indocyanine green videolymphography navigation for lymphaticovenular anastomosis. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2019;7:e2253
- Ogata F, Narushima M, Mihara M, Azuma R, Morimoto Y, Koshima I. Intraoperative lymphography using indo-cyanine green dye for near-infrared fluorescence labeling in lymphedema. Ann Plast Surg 2007;59:180-184 https://doi.org/10.1097/01.sap.0000253341.70866.54
- Mitsumori LM, McDonald ES, Neligan PC, Maki JH. Peripheral magnetic resonance lymphangiography: techniques and applications. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2016;19:262-272 https://doi.org/10.1053/j.tvir.2016.10.007
- Lohrmann C, Foeldi E, Speck O, Langer M. High-resolution MR lymphangiography in patients with primary and secondary lymphedema. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2006;187:556-561 https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.05.1750
- Fink C, Bock M, Kiessling F, Delorme S. Interstitial magnetic resonance lymphography with gadobutrol in rats: evaluation of contrast kinetics. Invest Radiol 2002;37:655-662 https://doi.org/10.1097/00004424-200212000-00004
- Dimakakos E, Koureas A, Skiadas V, Kostapanagiotou G, Katsenis K, Arkadopoulos N, et al. Interstitial magnetic resonance lymphography with gadobutrol in rabbits and an initial experience in humans. Lymphology 2006;39:164-170
- Jeon JY, Lee SH, Shin MJ, Chung HW, Lee MH. Three-dimensional isotropic fast spin-echo MR lymphangiography of T1-weighted and intermediate-weighted pulse sequences in patients with lymphoedema. Clin Radiol 2016;71:e56-e63 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crad.2015.10.015
- Bae JS, Yoo RE, Choi SH, Park SO, Chang H, Suh M, et al. Evaluation of lymphedema in upper extremities by MR lymphangiography: comparison with lymphoscintigraphy. Magn Reson Imaging 2018;49:63-70 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mri.2017.12.024
- Alazraki NP, Styblo T, Grant SF, Cohen C, Larsen T, Waldrop S, et al. Sentinel node staging of early breast cancer using lymphoscintigraphy and the intraoperative gamma detecting probe. Radiol Clin North Am 2001;39:947-956, viii https://doi.org/10.1016/S0033-8389(05)70322-5
- Kobayashi H, Brechbiel MW. Dendrimer-based macromolecular MRI contrast agents: characteristics and application. Mol Imaging 2003;2:1-10 https://doi.org/10.1162/153535003765276237
- Nakajima T, Turkbey B, Sano K, Sato K, Bernardo M, Hoyt RF, et al. MR lymphangiography with intradermal gadofosveset and human serum albumin in mice and primates. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014;40:691-697 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.24395
- Kobayashi H, Kawamoto S, Bernardo M, Brechbiel MW, Knopp MV, Choyke PL. Delivery of gadolinium-labeled nanoparticles to the sentinel lymph node: comparison of the sentinel node visualization and estimations of intra-nodal gadolinium concentration by the magnetic resonance imaging. J Control Release 2006;111:343-351 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2005.12.019
- Ripley B, Wilson GJ, Lalwani N, Briller N, Neligan PC, Maki JH. Initial clinical experience with dual-agent relaxation contrast for isolated lymphatic channel mapping. Radiology 2018;286:705-714 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2017170241
- Finn JP, Nguyen KL, Hu P. Ferumoxytol vs. gadolinium agents for contrast-enhanced MRI: thoughts on evolving indications, risks, and benefits. J Magn Reson Imaging 2017;46:919-923 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.25580
- Liu NF, Lu Q, Jiang ZH, Wang CG, Zhou JG. Anatomic and functional evaluation of the lymphatics and lymph nodes in diagnosis of lymphatic circulation disorders with contrast magnetic resonance lymphangiography. J Vasc Surg 2009;49:980-987 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvs.2008.11.029
- Mitsumori LM, McDonald ES, Wilson GJ, Neligan PC, Minoshima S, Maki JH. MR lymphangiography: how i do it. J Magn Reson Imaging 2015;42:1465-1477 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.24887
- Weiss M, Burgard C, Baumeister R, Strobl F, Rominger A, Bartenstein P, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging versus lymphoscintigraphy for the assessment of focal lymphatic transport disorders of the lower limb: first experiences. Nuklearmedizin 2014;53:190-196 https://doi.org/10.3413/Nukmed-0649-14-03
- Cellina M, Oliva G, Menozzi A, Soresina M, Martinenghi C, Gibelli D. Non-contrast magnetic resonance lymphangiography: an emerging technique for the study of lymphedema. Clin Imaging 2019;53:126-133 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2018.10.006
- Kim EY, Hwang HS, Lee HY, Cho JH, Kim HK, Lee KS, et al. Anatomic and functional evaluation of central lymphatics with noninvasive magnetic resonance lymphangiography. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e3109
- Wright KL, Harrell MW, Jesberger JA, Landeras L, Nakamoto DA, Thomas S, et al. Clinical evaluation of CAIPIRINHA: comparison against a GRAPPA standard. J Magn Reson Imaging 2014;39:189-194 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmri.24105
- Boettcher J, Pfeil A, Wolf G, Hansch A. Magnetic resonance venography of the upper venous system with blood pool contrast agent: comparison of two different T1-weighted sequences. Clin Imaging 2013;37:245-250 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinimag.2012.06.007
- Eggers H, Brendel B, Duijndam A, Herigault G. Dual-echo Dixon imaging with flexible choice of echo times. Magn Reson Med 2011;65:96-107 https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.22578
- Pieper CC, Schild HH. Interstitial transpedal MR-lymphangiography of central lymphatics using a standard MR contrast agent: feasibility and initial results in patients with chylous effusions. Rofo 2018;190:938-945 https://doi.org/10.1055/a-0598-5063