Geomechanics and Engineering

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The effect of hydrated lime on the petrography and strength characteristics of Illite clay

  • Received : 2019.02.21
  • Accepted : 2020.06.11
  • Published : 2020.07.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In this research, soil samples of the Kerman sedimentary basin, Iran, were investigated through laboratory tests such as petrography (Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)), physical and mechanical characteristics tests. The soil in this area is dominantly CL. The petrography results showed that the dominant clay mineral is Illite. This soil has made some problems in the earth dams due to the low shear strength. In this study, a set of samples were prepared by adding different amounts of lime. Next, the petrography and strength tests at the optimum moisture content were performed. The results of SEM analysis showed substantial changes in the soil structure after the addition of lime. The primary structure was porous and granular that was changed to a uniform and solid after the lime was added. According to XRD results, dominant mineral in none stabilized soil and stabilized soil are Illite and calcite, respectively. The pozzolanic reaction resulted in the reduction of clay minerals in the stabilized samples and calcite was known as the soil hardener material that led to an increase in soil strength. An increase in the hydrated lime leads to a decrease in their maximum dry unit weight and an increase in their optimum moisture content. Furthermore, increasing the hydrated lime content enhanced the Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and soil's optimum moisture. An increase in the strength is significantly affected by the curing time and hydrated lime contents, as the maximum compressive strength is achieved at 7% hydrated lime. Moreover, the maximum increase in the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) achieved in clay soils mixed with 8% hydrated lime.

Keywords

References

  1. Abbasi Dezfouli, A. and Shakiba, A. (2020), "Experimental investigation on the effect of nano carbon tube on concrete strength", J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 4(1), 31-34. https://doi.org/10.22034/JCEMA.2020.215337.1013.
  2. Ahmed, A. (2015), "Compressive strength and microstructure of soft clay soil stabilized with recycled bassanite", Appl. Clay Sci., 104(1), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.11.031.
  3. Aly, A. (2015), "Physical and mechanical characteristics of Helwan limestone: For conservation treatment of ancient Egyptian limestone monuments", Am. J. Sci., 11(2), 136-149.
  4. ASTM (2005), Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil, ASTM 2166, in Annual Book of American Society for Testing and Materials Standards, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  5. ASTM (2007), Standard Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of Laboratory-Compacted Soils, ASTM D1883-07e2, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  6. ASTM (2007), Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils, ASTM D421 International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  7. ASTM (2010), Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils, ASTM D4318-10 The American Society for Testing and Materials, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  8. ASTM (2012), Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3)), ASTM D1557-12e1, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  9. ASTM (2014), Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer, ASTM D854, International, in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  10. Attoh-Okine, N.O. (1995), "Lime treatment of laterite soils and gravels revisited", Constr. Build. Mater., 9(5), 283-287. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(95)00030-J.
  11. Aydin, S. and Baradan, B. (2012), "Mechanical and microstructural properties of heat cured alkali-activated slag mortars", Mater. Des., 35(1), 374-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.10.005.
  12. Aziz, M., Saleem, M. and Irfan, M. (2015), "Engineering behavior of expansive soils treated with rice husk ash", Geomech. Eng., 8(2), 173-186. http://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2015.8.2.173.
  13. Bagherpour, I. and Choobbasti, A.J. (2003), "Stabilization of fine-grained soils by adding microsilica and lime or microsilica and cement", Elect. J. Geotech. Eng., 8(1), 1-10.
  14. Bagherzadeh Khalkhali, A., Safarzadeh, I. and Rahimi Manbar, H. (2019), "Investigating the effect of nanoclay additives on the geotechnical properties of clay and silt soil", J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 3(2), 63-74. https://doi.org/10.22034/jcema.2019.92088.
  15. Barker, J.E., Rogers, C.D. and Boardman, D.I. (2006), "Physio-chemical changes in clay caused by ion migration from lime piles", J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 18(2), 182-189. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2006)18:2(182).
  16. Bayrami, Y.R. and Dudran, S.N. (2016), "Analysis fracture behavior of asphalt mixtures in freezing and thawing cycles conditions using linear elastic fracture mechanic (LEFM) technic", J. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol., 4(4), 22-30.
  17. Bell, F.G. (1988), "Stabilization and treatment of clay soils with lime. Part 1-basic principles", Ground Eng., 21(1).
  18. Bell, F.G. (1996), "Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils", Eng. Geol., 42(4), 223-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(96)00028-2.
  19. Chandrasekaran, V. (2018), "Experimental investigation of partial substitution of cement with eggshell ash in M20 grade concrete", J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2(1), 66-74.
  20. Chen, F.H. (2012), Foundations on Expansive Soils, Elsevier.
  21. Chenari, R.J., Fatahi, B., Ghorbani, A. and Alamoti, M.N. (2018), "Evaluation of strength properties of cement stabilized sand mixed with EPS beads and fly ash evaluation of strength properties of cement stabilized sand mixed with EPS beads and fly ash", Geomech. Eng., 14(6), 533-544. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.14.6.533.
  22. Consoli, N.C., da Silva Lopes Jr, L. and Heineck, K.S. (2009), "Key parameters for the strength control of lime stabilized soils", J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 21(5), 210-216. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2009)21:5(210).
  23. Cruz, N., Rios, S., Fortunato, E., Rodrigues, C., Cruz, J., Mateus, C. and Ramos, C. (2017), "Characterization of soil treated with alkali-activated cement in large-scale specimens", Geotech. Test. J., 40(4), 618-629. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20160211.
  24. El Shinawi, A. (2017), "Instability improvement of the subgrade soils by lime addition at Borg El-Arab, Alexandria, Egypt", J. Afr. Earth Sci., 130(1), 195-201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.03.020.
  25. Fattah, M.Y., Salman, F.A. and Nareeman, B.J. (2010), "A treatment of expansive soil using different additives", Acta Montanistica Slovaca, 15(1), 290-297.
  26. Foroutan, M., Hassan, M.M., Desrosiers, N. and Rupnow, T. (2018), "Evaluation of the reuse and recycling of drill cuttings in concrete applications", Constr. Build. Mater., 164(1), 400-409. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.12.180.
  27. Ghafoori, M., Rastegarnia, A. and Lashkaripour, G.R. (2018), "Estimation of static parameters based on dynamical and physical properties in limestone rocks", J. Afr. Earth Sci., 137(1), 22-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.09.008.
  28. Harichane, K., Ghrici, M., Kenai, S. and Grine, K. (2011), "Use of natural pozzolana and lime for stabilization of cohesive soils", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 29(1), 759-769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-011-9415-z.
  29. Hashemi, M., Vahidi, M. and Kaviani, A. (2019), "Effect of thermal stabilization of soil, bentonite, calcium carbonate and fibers on behavior properties of clay soil", J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 3(1), 53-62. https://doi.org/10.22034/jcema.2019.92028.
  30. Herrin, M. and Mitchell, H. (1961), "Lime-soil mixtures", Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Highway Research Board, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., January.
  31. Houben, H. and Guillaud, H. (1994), Earth Construction: A Comprehensive Guide, Intermediate Technology Publications.
  32. Ismaiel, H.A.H. (2013), "Cement kiln dust chemical stabilization of expansive soil exposed at El-Kawther Quarter, Sohag Region, Egypt", Int. J. Geosci., 4(1), 1416-1424. https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2013.410139.
  33. Kafashzadeh, S., Zadeh, A.J. and Fadavi, M. (2018), "Evaluation of Forta fibers performance in hot asphalt mixture against concrete cover", J. Res. Eng. Technol., 6(1), 15-23.
  34. Khaleghi Esfahani, M., Ghazifard, A. and Hashemi, M. (2018), "Dam axis selection on soft rocks based on geomechanical characteristics and analytical hierarchy process: A case study of Abnahr Dam, Iran", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 36(4), 2021-2035. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0443-1.
  35. Kozakova, L., Bakalar, T., Zelenak, M. and Prascakova, M. (2013), "Solidification of MSWI fly-ash with regard to hazardous metals leaching", Acta Montanistica Slovaca, 18(2), 129-139.
  36. Lashkaripour, G.R., Rastegarnia, A. amd Ghafoori, M. (2018), "Assessment of brittleness and empirical correlations between physical and mechanical parameters of the Asmari limestone in Khersan 2 dam site, in southwest of Iran", J. Afr. Earth Sci., 138(1), 124-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.11.003.
  37. Lu, S.G., Sun, F.F. and Zong, Y.T. (2014), "Effect of rice husk biochar and coal fly ash on some physical properties of expansive clayey soil (Vertisol)", Catena, 114(1), 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2013.10.014.
  38. Mahboubi, B., Guo, Z. and Wu, H. (2019), "Evaluation of durability behavior of geopolymer concrete containing nano-silica and nano-clay additives in acidic media", J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 3(3), 157-165. https://doi.org/10.22034/jcema.2019.95839.
  39. Manasseh, J. and Olufemi, A.I. (2008), "Effect of lime on some geotechnical properties of Igumale shale", Elect. J. Geotech. Eng., 13(5), 1-12.
  40. Modarres, A. and Nosoudy, Y.M. (2015), "Clay stabilization using coal waste and lime - Technical and environmental impacts", Appl. Clay Sci., 116(1), 281-288. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2015.03.026.
  41. Mohamadabadi, S.D., Moayed, R.Z. and Nozari, M.A. (2019), "Mechanical characteristics of sulfated clay stabilized with colloidal silica considering different number of freeze-thaw cycles", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 159, 86-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2018.12.007.
  42. Mollaqasem, V.K., Ardakani, M.H. and Hesaraki, S. (2013), "Effects Bone Regeneration Using Nanotechnology-Calcium Silicate Nano-Composites", J. Res. Sci. Eng. Technol., 1(4),1-4. https://doi.org/10.24200/jrset.vol1iss04pp1-4.
  43. Motaharitabari, S. and Shooshpasha, I. (2018), "Evaluation of coarse-grained mechanical properties using small direct shear test", Int. J. Geotech. Eng., 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2018.1505310.
  44. Muhunthan, B. and Schofield, A.N. (2000), "Liquefaction and dam failures", Proceedings of the GeoDenver 2000, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A., August.
  45. Obuzor, G.N., Kinuthia, J.M. and Robinson, R.B. (2012), "Soil stabilization with lime-activated-GGBS, A mitigation to flooding effects on road structural layers embankments constructed on floodplains", Eng. Geol., 151, 112-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2012.09.010.
  46. Okagbue, C.O. and Yakubu, J.A. (2000), "Limestone ash waste as a substitute for lime in soil improvement for engineering construction", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 58(2), 107-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s100640050004.
  47. Oyelami, C.A. and Van Rooy, J.L. (2016), "A review of the use of lateritic soils in the construction/development of sustainable housing in Africa: A geological perspective", J. Afr. Earth Sci., 119(1), 226-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2016.03.018.
  48. Rahimi, E., Teshnizi, E.S., Rastegarnia, A. and Al-shariati, E.M. (2019), "Cement take estimation using neural networks and statistical analysis in Bakhtiari and Karun 4 dam sites, in southwest of Iran", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 78(4), 2817-2834. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1271-0.
  49. Rangeard, D., Phan, P.T.P., Martinez, J. and Lambert, S. (2016), "Mechanical behavior of fine-grained soil reinforced by sand columns: An experimental laboratory study", Geotech. Test. J., 39(4), 648-657. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20150152.
  50. Rastegarnia, A., Lashkaripour, G.R., Ghafoori, M. and Farrokhad, S.S. (2019), "Assessment of the engineering geological characteristics of the Bazoft dam site, SW Iran", Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydroge., 52, 360-374. https://doi.org/10.1144/qjegh2017-042.
  51. Rastegarnia, A., Sharifi Teshnizi E., Hosseini, S., Shamsi, H. and Etemadifar, M. (2018), "Estimation of punch strength index and static properties of sedimentary rocks using neural networks in south west of Iran", Measurement, 128(1), 464-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.05.080.
  52. Rastegarnia, A., Sohrabibidar, A., Bagheri, V., Razifard, M. and Zolfaghari, A. (2017), "Assessment of relationship between grouted values and calculated values in the Bazoft Dam Site", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 35(4), 1299-1310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-017-0176-1.
  53. Saghi, H., Behdani, M., Saghi, R., Ghaffari, A.R. and Hirdaris, S. (2019), "Application of gene expression programming model to present a new model for bond strength of fiber reinforced polymer and concrete", J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 3(1), 15-29. https://doi.org/10.22034/JCEMA.2020.212110.1012.
  54. Sahoo, J.P. and Pradhan, P.K. (2010), "Effect of lime stabilized soil cushion on strength behaviour of expansive soil", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 28(1), 889-897. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-010-9332-6.
  55. Sakr, M.A., Shahin, M.A. and Metwally, Y.M. (2009), "Utilization of lime for stabilizing soft clay soil of high organic content", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 27(1), 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-008-9215-2.
  56. Seco, A., Ramirez, F., Miqueleiz, L. and Garcia, B. (2011), "Stabilization of expansive soils for use in construction", Appl. Clay Sci., 51(3), 348-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2010.12.027.
  57. Sekhavati, P. and Jafarkazemi, M. (2019), "Investigating durability behavior and compressive strength of lightweight concrete containing the nano silica and nano lime additives in the acid environment", J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 3(2), 103-117. https://doi.org/10.22034/JCEMA.2019.93622.
  58. Shahrokhabadi, S., Vahedifard. F., Ghazanfari, E. and Foroutan, M. (2019), "Earth pressure profiles in unsaturated soils under transient flow", Eng. Geol., 260(1), 105218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2019.105218.
  59. Sohrabi-Bidar, A., Rastegar-Nia, A. and Zolfaghari, A. (2016), "Estimation of the grout take using empirical relationships (case study: Bakhtiari dam site)", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 75(2), 425-438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-015-0754-5.
  60. Sujatha, E.R., Geetha, A.R., Jananee, R. and Karunya, S.R. (2018), "Strength and mechanical behaviour of coir reinforced lime stabilized soil", Geomech. Eng., 16(6), 627-634. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2018.16.6.627.
  61. Wang, J.W.H., Mateos, M. and Davidson, D.T. (1963), "Comparative effects of hydraulic, calcitic and dolomitic limes and cement in soil stabilization", Highway Res. Record, (29).
  62. Yi, Y., Gu, L. and Liu, S. (2015), "Microstructural and mechanical properties of marine soft clay stabilized by lime-activated ground granulated blastfurnace slag", Appl. Clay Sci., 103, 71-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2014.11.005.