References
- Hannon CP, Smyth NA, Murawski CD, Savage-Elliott I, Deyer TW, Calder JD, et al. Osteochondral lesions of the talus: aspects of current management. Bone Joint J. 2014;96:164-71. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.96B2.31637.
- van Dijk CN, Reilingh ML, Zengerink M, van Bergen CJ. Osteochondral defects in the ankle: why painful? Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2010;18:570-80. doi: 10.1007/s00167-010-1064-x.
- Bosien WR, Staples OS, Russell SW. Residual disability following acute ankle sprains. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1955;37:1237-43. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-195537060-00011
- Ferkel RD, Zanotti RM, Komenda GA, Sgaglione NA, Cheng MS, Applegate GR, et al. Arthroscopic treatment of chronic osteochondral lesions of the talus: long-term results. Am J Sports Med. 2008;36:1750-62. doi: 10.1177/0363546508316773.
- Hermanson E, Ferkel RD. Bilateral osteochondral lesions of the talus. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30:723-7. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2009.0723.
- McCullough CJ, Venugopal V. Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: the natural history. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1979;(144):264-8.
- Bauer M, Jonsson K, Linden B. Osteochondritis dissecans of the ankle. A 20-year follow-up study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1987;69:93-6. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.69B1.3818743.
- Shearer C, Loomer R, Clement D. Nonoperatively managed stage 5 osteochondral talar lesions. Foot Ankle Int. 2002;23:651-4. doi: 10.1177/107110070202300712.
- Berndt AL, Harty M. Transchondral fractures (osteochondritis dissecans) of the talus. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1959;41:988-1020. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-195941060-00002
- Elias I, Jung JW, Raikin SM, Schweitzer MW, Carrino JA, Morrison WB. Osteochondral lesions of the talus: change in MRI findings over time in talar lesions without operative intervention and implications for staging systems. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:157-66. doi: 10.1177/107110070602700301.
- Klammer G, Maquieira GJ, Spahn S, Vigfusson V, Zanetti M, Espinosa N. Natural history of nonoperatively treated osteochondral lesions of the talus. Foot Ankle Int. 2015;36:24-31. doi: 10.1177/1071100714552480.
- Kim JS, Lee HS, Seo SG, Song JW, Seo DK. Non-operative treatment for symptomatic osteochondral lesion of the talus. J Korean Orthop Assoc. 2017;52:153-60. doi: 10.4055/jkoa.2017.52.2.153.
- Seo SG, Kim JS, Seo DK, Kim YK, Lee SH, Lee HS. Osteochondral lesions of the talus. Acta Orthop. 2018;89:462-7. doi: 10.1080/17453674.2018.1460777.
- Choi GW, Choi WJ, Youn HK, Park YJ, Lee JW. Osteochondral lesions of the talus: are there any differences between osteochondral and chondral types? Am J Sports Med. 2013;41:504-10. doi: 10.1177/0363546512472976.
- Mintz DN, Tashjian GS, Connell DA, Deland JT, O'Malley M, Potter HG. Osteochondral lesions of the talus: a new magnetic resonance grading system with arthroscopic correlation. Arthroscopy. 2003;19:353-9. doi: 10.1053/jars.2003.50041.
- Kessler JI, Weiss JM, Nikizad H, Gyurdzhyan S, Jacobs JC Jr, Bebchuk JD, et al. Osteochondritis dissecans of the ankle in children and adolescents: demographics and epidemiology. Am J Sports Med. 2014;42:2165-71. doi: 10.1177/0363546514538406.
- Vannini F, Cavallo M, Baldassarri M, Castagnini F, Olivieri A, Ferranti E, et al. Treatment of juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: current concepts review. Joints. 2014;2:188-91.
- Kim HT, Park K, Seo CH, Ahn TY, Kim IH. Conservative treatment for juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the talus. J Korean Orthop Assoc. 2017;52:310-8. doi: 10.4055/jkoa.2017.52.4.310.
- Lam KY, Siow HM. Conservative treatment for juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the talus. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2012;20:176-80. doi: 10.1177/230949901202000208.
- Heyse TJ, Schuttler KF, Schweitzer A, Timmesfeld N, Efe T, Paletta JR, et al. Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the talus: predictors of conservative treatment failure. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 2015;135:1337-41. doi: 10.1007/s00402-015-2260-4.
- Weiss JM, Shea KG, Jacobs JC Jr, Cannamela PC, Becker I, Portman M, et al. Incidence of osteochondritis dissecans in adults. Am J Sports Med. 2018;46:1592-5. doi: 10.1177/0363546518764676.
- Lee HS, Jang JS, Lee JS, Cho KJ, Lee SH, Jung HK, et al. Histopathologic changes of articular cartilage and subchondral bone in cylindrical biopsy specimen from talar osteochondral lesions. J Korean Foot Ankle Soc. 2006;10:117-24.
- DiGiovanni BF, Fraga CJ, Cohen BE, Shereff MJ. Associated injuries found in chronic lateral ankle instability. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;21:809-15. doi: 10.1177/107110070002101003.
- Schafer DB. Cartilage repair of the talus. Foot Ankle Clin. 2003;8:739-49. doi: 10.1016/s1083-7515(03)00143-8.
- Lee M, Kwon JW, Choi WJ, Lee JW. Comparison of outcomes for osteochondral lesions of the talus with and without chronic lateral ankle instability. Foot Ankle Int. 2015;36:1050-7. doi: 10.1177/1071100715581477.
- Stevenson JD, Jaiswal A, Gregory JJ, Mangham DC, Cribb G, Cool P. Diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis (diffuse-type giant cell tumour) of the foot and ankle. Bone Joint J. 2013;95:384-90. doi: 10.1302/0301-620X.95B3.30192.
- Myers BW, Masi AT. Pigmented villonodular synovitis and tenosynovitis: a clinical epidemiologic study of 166 cases and literature review. Medicine (Baltimore). 1980;59:223-38. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-198005000-00004
- Li X, Xu Y, Zhu Y, Xu X. Surgical treatment for diffused-type giant cell tumor (pigmented villonodular synovitis) about the ankle joint. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2017;18:450. doi: 10.1186/s12891-017-1824-6.
- Shin JH, Lee BH, Kim GL, Kim K. Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the ankle and subtalar joint treated by surgical excision and ligament reconstructions: a case report. J Korean Foot Ankle Soc. 2016;20:192-5. doi: 10.14193/jkfas.2016.20.4.192.
- Knupp M, Stufkens SA, van Bergen CJ, Blankevoort L, Bolliger L, van Dijk CN, et al. Effect of supramalleolar varus and valgus deformities on the tibiotalar joint: a cadaveric study. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32:609-15. doi: 10.3113/FAI.2011.0609.
- Knupp M, Pagenstert GI, Barg A, Bolliger L, Easley ME, Hintermann B. SPECT-CT compared with conventional imaging modalities for the assessment of the varus and valgus malaligned hindfoot. J Orthop Res. 2009;27:1461-6. doi: 10.1002/jor.20922.
- Easley ME, Vineyard JC. Varus ankle and osteochondral lesions of the talus. Foot Ankle Clin. 2012;17:21-38. doi: 10.1016/j.fcl.2011.11.011.