Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology (한국환경생태학회지)

Korean Society of Environment and Ecology (한국환경생태학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Pesticides(Benomyl, Carbofuran, Thiobencarb) on the Asian Toad(Bufo Gargarizans) Embryo Development

농약류(Benomyl, Carbofuran, Thiobencarb)가 두꺼비(Bufo Gargarizans) 배아발달에 미치는 영향

  • Ko, Sun-Kun (Dept. of Physical theraphy, Honam University)
  • 고선근 (호남대학교 물리치료학과)
  • Received : 2020.03.24
  • Accepted : 2020.06.16
  • Published : 2020.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In this experiment, investigated toxicity evaluation of chemicals using Asian toad embryos, along FETAX(Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus) protocol. Asian toad, Bufo gargarizans embryo incubated and investigation of Benomyl(Germicide), Carbofuran(Insecticide) and Thiobencarb(Herbicide) effect by probit analysis. As a result, depends on the concentrations of Benomyl, Carbofuran and Thiobencarb, along mortality and malformation rates were increases and larval body length were decreased. The teratogenic concentration(EC50) of Benomyl, Carbofuran and Thiobencarb were 1.03, 8.74, 4.98mg/ℓ, respectively. And when exposed to Benomyl, larvae responded most sensitively to malformations. Embryo lethal concentration (LC50) Benomyl, Carbofuran and Thiobencarb were 7.26, 560.72, 16.87mg/ℓ, respectively. And Benomyl were at the lowest concentration of lethal the embryos. The teratogenic index(TI) were 7.05 in Benomyl, 64.16 in Carbofuran and 3.39 in Thiobencarb, thus TI values were above 1.5, which is the criterion of teratogenicity. Three of the pesticides used in this study were considered to be a teratogenic substances and Carbofuran was the most potent teratogen. And more specific researches are needed to investigate the effects of pesticides on the embryo development of toads and amphibians and their mechanism.

농약류 3종의 독성평가를 위해 FETAX(Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay-Xenopus) 기법에 따라 국내에 서식 중인 두꺼비(Bufo gargarizans)의 배아를 배양하면서 Benomyl(살균제), Carbofuran(살충제), Thiobencarb(제초제)의 영향을 probit 분석법으로 조사하였다. 그 결과, Benomyl, Carbofuran, Thiobencarb의 농도에 의존하여 유생의 체장 길이는 감소하고 치사율과 기형율은 증가하였다. Benomyl, Carbofuran, Thiobencarb의 teratogenic concentration(EC50)은 각각 1.03, 8.74, 4.98mg/ℓ을 나타내어 Benomyl이 기형 유발에 가장 민감하게 반응하였으며, embryo lethal concentrations(LC50)은 7.26, 560.72, 16.87mg/ℓ을 나타내어 Benomyl이 가장 낮은 농도에서 배아가 치사되는 것으로 나타났다. Teratogenic index (TI=LC50/EC50)는 Benomyl 7.05, Carbofuran 64.16, Thiobencarb 3.39를 나타내어 TI값이 모두 기형유발물질로 판단되는 기준인 1.5이상으로 시험에 사용된 농약류 3종은 최기형성 물질로 판단된다. Carbofuran이 가장 강력한 최기형성물질로 작용함을 알 수 있었으며, 농약류가 두꺼비 및 양서류의 배아 발달에 미치는 영향과 그 작용기작을 규명하기 위해서는 보다 구체적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

Keywords

References

  1. ASTM(1993) Standard guide for conducting the frog embryo teratogenesis assy-Xenopus(FETAX). ASTM standards on aquatic toxicology and hazard evaluation. ASTM, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 457-467.
  2. Bantle, J.A., D.J. Fort, J.R. Rayburn, D.J. Deyoung and S.J. Bush (1990) Further validation of FETAX: Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of five known mammalian teratogens and non-teratogens. Drug. Chem. Toxicol. 13(4): 267-282. https://doi.org/10.3109/01480549009032286
  3. Choi Y.J., C.S. Yoon, J.H. Park, J.H. Jin, and S.W. Cheong(2002). Developmental abnormality in agricultural region and toxicity of the fungicide benomyl on Korean Salamander, Hynobius leechii. K. J. Limnol. 35(3): 198-212.
  4. Dawson, D.A., C.A. McCormick and J.A. Bantle(1985). Detection of teratogenic substances in acidic mine water samples using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX). J. Appl. Toxicol. 5(4): 234-244. https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.2550050405
  5. Ferslew, K.E., A.N. Hagardorn and W.F. McCormick(1992). Poisoning from oral ingestion of carbofuran (Furadan 4F), a cholinesterase-inhibiting carbamate insecticide, and its effects on cholinesterase activity in various biological fluids. J. Forensic. Sci. 37(1): 337-344.
  6. Fort, D.J., D.A. Dawson and J.A. Bantle(1988) Development of a metabolic activation system for the frog embryo teratogenesis assay Xenopus (FETAX). Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen. 8: 251-264. https://doi.org/10.1002/tcm.1770080502
  7. Goh, E.H. and A.W. Neff(2003) Effects of fluoride on Xenopus embryo development. Food and Chem. Toxicol. 41: 1501-1508. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-6915(03)00166-2
  8. Gosner, K.L.(1960) A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16: 183-190.
  9. Gutleb, A.C., J. Appelman, M.C. Bronkhorst, J.H.J. Van den Berg, A. Spenkelink, A. Brouwer and A.J. Murk(1999) Delayed effects of pre-and early-life time exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls on tadpoles of two amphibian species (Xenopus laevis and Rana temporria). Environ. Toxicol. Phar. 8(1): 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1382-6689(99)00023-X
  10. Henle, K. (1981). Adenomera griseigularis, eine neue Leptodactyliden- Art aus Peru (Amphibia: Salientia: Leptodactylidae). Amphibia- Reptilia 2(2): 139-142. https://doi.org/10.1163/156853881X00186
  11. Jin. J.H.(2005) The toxicity of benomyl and its metabolic derivatives carbendazim and n-butyl isocyanate on early development of Xenopus laevis. Ph. D. Dissertation, Graduate School, Changwon Univ. 86pp.
  12. Ko S.K.(2012) Toxicity evaluation of chemicals using Tree Frog Embryos, Hala japonica. Kor. J. Env. Eco. 26(5): 675-681.
  13. Ko S.K.(2013) Effect of Fungicide Benomyl on the development of Tree Frog Embryos. J. Ind. Res. 19(2): 33-40.
  14. La Clair, J.J., J.A. Bantle and J. Dumont(1998) Photoproducts and metabolites of a common insect growth regulator produce developmental deformities in Xenopus. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32(10): 1453-1461. https://doi.org/10.1021/es971024h
  15. Lee, S.A.(2003). A study for teratogenecity and evaluation of ecotoxicity(endocrine disruption effect) using frog embryo. Master Dissertation, Graduate school, Inje Univ. 87pp.
  16. Mann, R.M. and J.R. Bidwell(2000) Application of the FETAX protocol to assess the developmental toxicity of nonylphenol ethoxylate to Xenopus laevis and two Australian frogs. Aquat. Toxicol. 51: 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-445X(00)00106-5
  17. Morgan, M.K.(1996) Teratogenic potential of atrazine and 2, 4-D using FETAX. J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A. 48(2): 151-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/009841096161401
  18. Nebeker, A.V., G.S. Schuytema and S.L. Ott (1994). Effects of cadmium on limb regeneration in the northwestern salamander Ambystoma gracile. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27(3): 318-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00213166
  19. Presutti, C., C. Vismara, M. Camatini, and G. Bernardini(1994). Ecotoxicological effects of a nonionic detergent (Triton DF-16) assayed by ModFETAX. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 53(3): 405-411. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00197233
  20. Saka, M.(1999). Acute toxicity tests on Japanese amphibian larvae using thiobencarb, a component of rice paddy herbicides. Herpetol. J. 9(2): 73-81.
  21. Saka, M.(2010). Acute toxicity of rice paddy herbicides simetryn, mefenacet, and thiobencarb to Silurana tropicalis tadpoles. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 73(6): 1165-1169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.05.008
  22. Schuytema, G.S., A.V. Nebeker and W.L. Griffis(1994). Toxicity of Guthion${(R)}$ and Guthion${(R)}$ 2S to Xenopus laevis embryos. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27(2): 250-255. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00214270
  23. Wassersug, R.J.(1975). The adaptive significance of the tadpole stage with comments on the maintenance of complex life cycles in anurans. Am. Zool. 15(2): 405-417. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/15.2.405
  24. Yoon, P.S. and S.K. Ko(2019). Studies on toxicological evaluation of pesticides(Fungicide, Insecticide, Herbicide) using Tree Frog Embryos, Hyla japonica. Kor. J. Env. Eco. 33(2): 178-186. https://doi.org/10.13047/KJEE.2019.33.2.178