과제정보
This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (No. 2017R1A2B4010634) and a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number HI18C1038).
참고문헌
- Park M, Moon WJ. Structural MR imaging in the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative dementia: current imaging approach and future perspectives. Korean J Radiol 2016;17:827-845 https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2016.17.6.827
- Ujiie M, Dickstein DL, Carlow DA, Jefferies WA. Blood-brain barrier permeability precedes senile plaque formation in an Alzheimer disease model. Microcirculation 2003;10:463-470
- Papassotiropoulos A, Streffer JR, Tsolaki M, Schmid S, Thal D, Nicosia F, et al. Increased brain beta-amyloid load, phosphorylated tau, and risk of Alzheimer disease associated with an intronic CYP46 polymorphism. Arch Neurol 2003;60:29-35 https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.60.1.29
- Montagne A, Zhao Z, Zlokovic BV. Alzheimer's disease: a matter of blood-brain barrier dysfunction? J Exp Med 2017;214:3151-3169 https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20171406
- Bowman GL, Kaye JA, Moore M, Waichunas D, Carlson NE, Quinn JF. Blood-brain barrier impairment in Alzheimer disease: stability and functional significance. Neurology 2007;68:1809-1814 https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000262031.18018.1a
- Montagne A, Barnes SR, Sweeney MD, Halliday MR, Sagare AP, Zhao Z, et al. Blood-brain barrier breakdown in the aging human hippocampus. Neuron 2015;85:296-302 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.032
- Van de Haar HJ, Burgmans S, Jansen JF, Van Osch MJ, Van Buchem MA, Muller M, et al. Blood-brain barrier leakage in patients with early Alzheimer disease. Radiology 2017;282:615
- Nation DA, Sweeney MD, Montagne A, Sagare AP, D'Orazio LM, Pachicano M, et al. Blood-brain barrier breakdown is an early biomarker of human cognitive dysfunction. Nat Med 2019;25:270-276 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-018-0297-y
- Jack CR Jr, Knopman DS, Jagust WJ, Shaw LM, Aisen PS, Weiner MW, et al. Hypothetical model of dynamic biomarkers of the Alzheimer's pathological cascade. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:119-128 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70299-6
- Bloom GS. Amyloid-β and tau: the trigger and bullet in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis. JAMA Neurol 2014;71:505-508 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.5847
- Cummings J, Lee G, Ritter A, Sabbagh M, Zhong K. Alzheimer's disease drug development pipeline: 2019. Alzheimers Dement (N Y) 2019;5:272-293 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trci.2019.05.008
- Liu CC, Liu CC, Kanekiyo T, Xu H, Bu G. Apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer disease: risk, mechanisms and therapy. Nat Rev Neurol 2013;9:106-118 https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2012.263
- Polvikoski T, Sulkava R, Haltia M, Kainulainen K, Vuorio A, Verkkoniemi A, et al. Apolipoprotein E, dementia, and cortical deposition of beta-amyloid protein. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1242-1247 https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199511093331902
- Sando SB, Melquist S, Cannon A, Hutton ML, Sletvold O, Saltvedt I, et al. APOE epsilon 4 lowers age at onset and is a high risk factor for Alzheimer's disease; a case control study from central Norway. BMC Neurol 2008;8:9
- Neu SC, Pa J, Kukull W, Beekly D, Kuzma A, Gangadharan P, et al. Apolipoprotein E genotype and sex risk factors for Alzheimer disease: a meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol 2017;74:1178-1189 https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.2188
- Baumgart M, Snyder HM, Carrillo MC, Fazio S, Kim H, Johns H. Summary of the evidence on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia: a population-based perspective. Alzheimers Dement 2015;11:718-726 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2015.05.016
- Arvanitakis Z, Capuano AW, Leurgans SE, Bennett DA, Schneider JA. Relation of cerebral vessel disease to Alzheimer's disease dementia and cognitive function in elderly people: a cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol 2016;15:934-943 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(16)30029-1
- Deschaintre Y, Richard F, Leys D, Pasquier F. Treatment of vascular risk factors is associated with slower decline in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2009;73:674-680 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181b59bf3
- Pantoni L. Cerebral small vessel disease: from pathogenesis and clinical characteristics to therapeutic challenges. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:689-701 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(10)70104-6
- Rosenberg GA, Wallin A, Wardlaw JM, Markus HS, Montaner J, Wolfson L, et al. Consensus statement for diagnosis of subcortical small vessel disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016;36:6-25 https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2015.172
- Wardlaw JM, Smith EE, Biessels GJ, Cordonnier C, Fazekas F, Frayne R, et al. Neuroimaging standards for research into small vessel disease and its contribution to ageing and neurodegeneration. Lancet Neurol 2013;12:822-838 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70124-8
- Shi Y, Wardlaw JM. Update on cerebral small vessel disease: a dynamic whole-brain disease. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2016;1:83-92 https://doi.org/10.1136/svn-2016-000035
- Fanning JP, Wong AA, Fraser JF. The epidemiology of silent brain infarction: a systematic review of population-based cohorts. BMC Med 2014;12:119
- Jackson CA, Hutchison A, Dennis MS, Wardlaw JM, Lindgren A, Norrving B, et al. Differing risk factor profiles of ischemic stroke subtypes: evidence for a distinct lacunar arteriopathy? Stroke 2010;41:624-629 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.109.558809
- Debette S, Markus HS. The clinical importance of white matter hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2010;341:c3666
- Gouw AA, Seewann A, Van der Flier WM, Barkhof F, Rozemuller AM, Scheltens P, et al. Heterogeneity of small vessel disease: a systematic review of MRI and histopathology correlations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2011;82:126-135 https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2009.204685
- Prins ND, Scheltens P. White matter hyperintensities, cognitive impairment and dementia: an update. Nat Rev Neurol 2015;11:157-165
- Maniega SM, Valdes Hernandez MC, Clayden JD, Royle NA, Murray C, Morris Z, et al. White matter hyperintensities and normal-appearing white matter integrity in the aging brain. Neurobiol Aging 2015;36:909-918 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.07.048
- Park M, Moon Y, Han SH, Kim HK, Moon WJ. Myelin loss in white matter hyperintensities and normal-appearing white matter of cognitively impaired patients: a quantitative synthetic magnetic resonance imaging study. Eur Radiol 2019;29:4914-4921 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5836-x
- Wardlaw JM, Doubal FN, Valdes-Hernandez M, Wang X, Chappell FM, Shuler K, et al. Blood-brain barrier permeability and long-term clinical and imaging outcomes in cerebral small vessel disease. Stroke 2013;44:525-527 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.669994
- Li Y, Li M, Zhang X, Shi Q, Yang S, Fan H, et al. Higher blood-brain barrier permeability is associated with higher white matter hyperintensities burden. J Neurol 2017;264:1474-1481 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-017-8550-8
- Charidimou A, Boulouis G, Pasi M, Auriel E, Van Etten ES, Haley K, et al. MRI-visible perivascular spaces in cerebral amyloid angiopathy and hypertensive arteriopathy. Neurology 2017;88:1157-1164 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003746
- Wardlaw JM, Smith C, Dichgans M. Mechanisms of sporadic cerebral small vessel disease: insights from neuroimaging. Lancet Neurol 2013;12:483-497 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(13)70060-7
- Li Y, Li M, Yang L, Qin W, Yang S, Yuan J, et al. The relationship between blood-brain barrier permeability and enlarged perivascular spaces: a cross-sectional study. Clin Interv Aging 2019;14:871-878 https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S204269
- Naganawa S, Nakane T, Kawai H, Taoka T. Lack of contrast enhancement in a giant perivascular space of the basal ganglion on delayed FLAIR images: implications for the glymphatic system. Magn Reson Med Sci 2017;16:89-90 https://doi.org/10.2463/mrms.ci.2016-0114
- Owens T, Bechmann I, Engelhardt B. Perivascular spaces and the two steps to neuroinflammation. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2008;67:1113-1121 https://doi.org/10.1097/NEN.0b013e31818f9ca8
- Shams S, Martola J, Granberg T, Li X, Shams M, Fereshtehnejad SM, et al. Cerebral microbleeds: different prevalence, topography, and risk factors depending on dementia diagnosis-the Karolinska Imaging Dementia Study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015;36:661-666 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A4176
- Cordonnier C, Al-Shahi Salman R, Wardlaw J. Spontaneous brain microbleeds: systematic review, subgroup analyses and standards for study design and reporting. Brain 2007;130:1988-2003 https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl387
- Grinberg LT, Thal DR. Vascular pathology in the aged human brain. Acta Neuropathol 2010;119:277-290 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-010-0652-7
- Sengillo JD, Winkler EA, Walker CT, Sullivan JS, Johnson M, Zlokovic BV. Deficiency in mural vascular cells coincides with blood-brain barrier disruption in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Pathol 2013;23:303-310 https://doi.org/10.1111/bpa.12004
- Halliday MR, Rege SV, Ma Q, Zhao Z, Miller CA, Winkler EA, et al. Accelerated pericyte degeneration and blood-brain barrier breakdown in apolipoprotein E4 carriers with Alzheimer's disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016;36:216-227 https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2015.44
- Bors L, Toth K, Toth EZ, Bajza A, Csorba A, Szigeti K, et al. Age-dependent changes at the blood-brain barrier. A comparative structural and functional study in young adult and middle aged rats. Brain Res Bull 2018;139:269-277 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2018.03.001
- Janelidze S, Mattsson N, Stomrud E, Lindberg O, Palmqvist S, Zetterberg H, et al. CSF biomarkers of neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction in early Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2018;91:e867-e877 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000006082
- Nelson AR, Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV. Neurovascular dysfunction and neurodegeneration in dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta 2016;1862:887-900 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.12.016
- Bowman GL, Dayon L, Kirkland R, Wojcik J, Peyratout G, Severin IC, et al. Blood-brain barrier breakdown, neuroinflammation, and cognitive decline in older adults. Alzheimers Dement 2018;14:1640-1650 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2018.06.2857
- Tofts PS, Brix G, Buckley DL, Evelhoch JL, Henderson E, Knopp MV, et al. Estimating kinetic parameters from dynamic contrast-enhanced T(1)-weighted MRI of a diffusable tracer: standardized quantities and symbols. J Magn Reson Imaging 1999;10:223-232 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-2586(199909)10:3<223::AID-JMRI2>3.0.CO;2-S
- Tofts PS, Kermode AG. Measurement of the blood-brain barrier permeability and leakage space using dynamic MR imaging. 1. Fundamental concepts. Magn Reson Med 1991;17:357-367 https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.1910170208
- Heye AK, Thrippleton MJ, Armitage PA, Valdes Hernandez MDC, Makin SD, Glatz A, et al. Tracer kinetic modelling for DCE-MRI quantification of subtle blood-brain barrier permeability. Neuroimage 2016;125:446-455 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.018
- Patlak CS, Blasberg RG. Graphical evaluation of blood-to-brain transfer constants from multiple-time uptake data. Generalizations. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1985;5:584-590 https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.1985.87
- Starr JM, Farrall AJ, Armitage P, McGurn B, Wardlaw J. Blood-brain barrier permeability in Alzheimer's disease: a case-control MRI study. Psychiatry Res 2009;171:232-241 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2008.04.003
- Van de Haar HJ, Burgmans S, Jansen JF, Van Osch MJ, Van Buchem MA, Muller M, et al. Blood-brain barrier leakage in patients with early Alzheimer disease. Radiology 2016;281:527-535 https://doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2016152244
- Zhang CE, Wong SM, Van de Haar HJ, Staals J, Jansen JF, Jeukens CR, et al. Blood-brain barrier leakage is more widespread in patients with cerebral small vessel disease. Neurology 2017;88:426-432 https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000003556
- Huisa BN, Caprihan A, Thompson J, Prestopnik J, Qualls CR, Rosenberg GA. Long-term blood-brain barrier permeability changes in Binswanger disease. Stroke 2015;46:2413-2418 https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.009589
- Cramer SP, Larsson HB. Accurate determination of blood-brain barrier permeability using dynamic contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI: a simulation and in vivo study on healthy subjects and multiple sclerosis patients. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014;34:1655-1665 https://doi.org/10.1038/jcbfm.2014.126
- Thrippleton MJ, Backes WH, Sourbron S, Ingrisch M, Van Osch MJP, Dichgans M, et al. Quantifying blood-brain barrier leakage in small vessel disease: review and consensus recommendations. Alzheimers Dement 2019;15:840-858 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2019.01.013
- Raja R, Rosenberg GA, Caprihan A. MRI measurements of blood-brain barrier function in dementia: a review of recent studies. Neuropharmacology 2018;134:259-271 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.10.034
- Lim CM, Moon WJ. Methodologic concerns on the reported values for assessing permeability of the blood-brain barrier in the hippocampus. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019;40:E65-E66 https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A6228
- Lu Y, Ma L, Qin J, Wang Z, Guo J, Zhao Y, et al. The value of GRASP on DCE-MRI for assessing response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with esophageal cancer. BMC Cancer 2019;19:999
- Shao X, Ma SJ, Casey M, D'Orazio L, Ringman JM, Wang DJJ. Mapping water exchange across the blood-brain barrier using 3D diffusion-prepared arterial spin labeled perfusion MRI. Magn Reson Med 2019;81:3065-3079 https://doi.org/10.1002/mrm.27632
- Verheggen ICM, Van Boxtel MPJ, Verhey FRJ, Jansen JFA, Backes WH. Interaction between blood-brain barrier and glymphatic system in solute clearance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018;90:26-33 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.03.028
- Burgmans S, Van de Haar HJ, Verhey FR, Backes WH. Amyloid-β interacts with blood-brain barrier function in dementia: a systematic review. J Alzheimers Dis 2013;35:859-873 https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-122155
- Iliff JJ, Wang M, Liao Y, Plogg BA, Peng W, Gundersen GA, et al. A paravascular pathway facilitates CSF flow through the brain parenchyma and the clearance of interstitial solutes, including amyloid β. Sci Transl Med 2012;4:147ra111
- Kress BT, Iliff JJ, Xia M, Wang M, Wei HS, Zeppenfeld D, et al. Impairment of paravascular clearance pathways in the aging brain. Ann Neurol 2014;76:845-861 https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24271
- Shibata M, Yamada S, Kumar SR, Calero M, Bading J, Frangione B, et al. Clearance of Alzheimer's amyloidss(1-40) peptide from brain by LDL receptor-related protein-1 at the blood-brain barrier. J Clin Invest 2000;106:1489-1499 https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI10498
- Hladky SB, Barrand MA. Elimination of substances from the brain parenchyma: efflux via perivascular pathways and via the blood-brain barrier. Fluids Barriers CNS 2018;15:30