Steel and Composite Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Design of buckling restrained braces with composite technique

  • Ozcelik, Ramazan (Department of Civil Engineering, Akdeniz University) ;
  • Dikiciasik, Yagmur (Department of Civil Engineering, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University) ;
  • Civelek, Kazim B. (Department of Civil Engineering, Akdeniz University) ;
  • Erdil, Elif F. (Department of Civil Engineering, Akdeniz University) ;
  • Erdal, Ferhat (Department of Civil Engineering, Akdeniz University)
  • Received : 2020.01.22
  • Accepted : 2020.05.21
  • Published : 2020.06.10
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

This paper focus on the buckling restrained braces (BRBs) with new casing members (CMs). Seven BRBs with CMs consisting of precast concrete modules (PCMs) were tested to investigate the effects of CMs on the cyclic performance of BRBs. The PCMs consisted of plain and reinforced concrete casted into wooden or steel molds than they were located on the core plate (CP) via bolts. There were 14 or 18 PCMs on the CP for each BRBs. The technique of the PCMs for the CM provides that the BRBs can be constructed inside the steel or reinforced concrete (RC) structures. In this way, their applications may be rapid and practical during the application of the retrofitting. The test results indicated that the cyclic performance of the BRBs was dominated by the connection strength and confinement of the PCMs. The BRBs with PCMs wrapped with fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) sustained stable hysteretic performance up to a CP strain of 2.0 %. This indicates that the new designed BRBs with PCMs were found to be acceptable in terms of cyclic performance. Furthermore, the connection details, isolation materials and their application techniques have been also investigated for the improved BRB design in this study.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

The research discussed in this paper was conducted at Akdeniz University Structural Mechanics Laboratory. Funding provided by TUBITAK [grant number: 112M820] is greatly appreciated. Also, the authors thank Professor Baris Binici and Professor Cem Topkaya (from METU) for their contributions to this study.

References

  1. AISC (2010), Seismic provisions for structural steel buildings, American Institute of Steel Construction Ins.
  2. Avci, C., Celik, O.C. and Yalcin, C. (2018), "Experimental investigation of aluminum alloy and steel core buckling restrained braces (BRBs)", Int. J. Steel Struct., 18(2), 650-673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-018-0025-y.
  3. Beiraghi, H. (2017), "Earthquake effects on the energy demand of tall reinforced concrete walls with buckling-restrained brace outriggers", Struct. Eng. Mech., 63(4), 521-536. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2017.63.4.521.
  4. Beiraghi, H. (2018a), "Energy demands in reinforced concrete wall piers coupled by buckling restrained braces subjected to near-fault earthquake", Steel Compos. Struct., 27(6), 703-716. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.27.6.703.
  5. Beiraghi, H. (2018b), "Reinforced concrete core-walls connected by a bridge with buckling restrained braces subjected to seismic loads", Earthq. Struct., 15(2), 203-214, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2018.15.2.203.
  6. Beiraghi, H. (2019), "Fragility assessment of shear walls coupled with buckling restrained braces subjected to near-field earthquakes", Steel Compos. Struct., 33(3), 389-402, https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.33.3.389.
  7. Black, C., Aiken, I. and Makris, N. (2002), "Component testing, stability analysis and characterization of buckling-restrained unbonded braces", PEER Report 2002/08, University of California, California, USA.
  8. Black, G., Wenger, W.A. and Popov, E.P. (1980), "Inelastic buckling of steel struts under cyclic load reversals", UCB/EERC-80/40, University of California, USA.
  9. Brown, A.P., Aiken, I.D. and Jafarzadeh, F.J. (2001), "Seismic Retrofit of the Wallace F. Bennett Federal Building", Mod. Steel Constr., 41(8), 123-124.
  10. Chen, C.C., Chen, S.Y. and Liaw, J.J. (2001), "Application of low yield strength steel on controlled plastification ductile concentrically braced frames", Can. J. Civ. Eng., 28(5), 823-836. https://doi.org/10.1139/l01-044.
  11. Chou, C.C., Chung, P.T. and Cheng, Y.T. (2016), "Experimental evaluation of large-scale dual-core self-centering braces and sandwiched buckling-restrained braces", Eng. Struct., 116(1), 12-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2016.02.030.
  12. Christopulos, A.S. (2005), "Improved seismic performance of buckling restrained braced frames", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington, Washington.
  13. DiSarno, L. and Elnashai, A.S. (2008), "Bracing systems for seismic retrofitting of steel frames", J. Constr. Steel Res., 65(2), 452-465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.02.013.
  14. DiSarno, L. and Manfredi, G. (2010), "Seismic retrofitting with buckling restrained braces: Application to an existing non-ductile RC framed building", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 30(11), 1279-1297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2010.06.001.
  15. DiSarno, L. and Manfredi, G. (2012), "Experimental tests on full-scale RC unretrofitted frame and retrofitted with buckling-restrained braces", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 41(2), 315-333. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1131.
  16. Eryasar, M.E. and Topkaya, C. (2010), "An experimental study on steel-encased buckling-restrained brace hysteretic dampers", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 39(5), 561-581. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.959.
  17. Fahnestock, L.A., Ricles, J.M. and Sause, R. (2007), "Experimental evaluation of a large-scale buckling-restrained braced frame", J. Struct. Eng., 133 (9), 1205-1214. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2007)133:9(1205).
  18. Fujishita, K., Bal, A., Sutcu, F. and Celik, O.C., Takeuchi, T., Matsui, R. et al. (2015), "Comparing hysteretic behavior of buckling restrained braces (BRBs) with bolted and welded end connections", Proceedings of the 8th International Symp. Steel Struct., Jcju, Korea, November.
  19. Haydaroglu, C., Taskin, K. and Celik, O.C. (2011), "Ductility enhancement of round HSS braces using CFRP sheet wraps", Proceedings of the 6th Eur. Conf. Steel Compos. Struct., Budapest, Hungary, September. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.1299.4246.
  20. Higgins, C.C. and Newell, J.D. (2004), "Confined steel brace for earthquake resistant design", Eng. J. AISC., 41(4), 187-202.
  21. Hikino, T., Okazaki, T., Kajiwara, K. and Nakashima, M. (2011), "Out-of-plane stability of buckling-restrained braces", Proceeding of the Structures Congres., Nevada, USA, April. https://doi.org/10.1061/41171(401)83.
  22. Hikino, T., Okazaki, T., Kajiwara, K. and Nakashima, M. (2013), "Out-of-plane stability of buckling-restrained braces placed in chevron arrangement", J. Struct. Eng., 139(11), 1812-1822. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000767.
  23. Iwata, M. and Kato. T. (2000), "Buckling-restrained braces as hysteretic dampers", Proceedings of the Int. Conf. 3rd, Behav. Steel Struct. Seism. Areas, Montreal, Canada.
  24. Kasai, K., Ooki, Y., Ishii, M., Ozaki, H., Ito, H. and Motoyui, S. (2008), "Value-added 5-story steel frame and its components: Part 1-Full-scale damper tests and analyses", Proceedings of the 14th World Conf. Earthq. Eng., Beijing, China, October.
  25. Kim, J., Choi, H. and Chung, L. (2004), "Energy-based seismic design of structures with buckling-restrained braces", Steel Compos. Struct., 4(6), 437-452. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2004.4.6.437.
  26. Li, Y., Qu, H., Xiao, S., Wang, P., You, Y. and Hu, S. (2019). "Behavior of three-tube buckling-restrained brace with circumference pre-stress in core tube" Steel Compos. Struct., 30(2), 81-96. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2014.16.5.491.
  27. Lin, M., Tsai, K., Hsiao, P. and Tsai, C. (2005), "Compressive behavior of buckling-restrained brace gusset connections", Proceedings of the 1st Int. Conf. Adv. Exp. Struct. Eng. AESE, Nagoya, Japan, July.
  28. Lin, M.L., Tsai, K.C. and Tsai, C.Y. (2006), "Bi-directional sub-structural pseudo-dynamic tests of a full-scale 2-story BRBF, Part 2 : Compressive behavior of gusset plates", Proceedings of the 8th U. S. Natl. Conf. Earthq. Eng., San Francisco, USA.
  29. Lopez, W.A., Gwie, D.S., Lauck, T.W. and Saunders, C.M. (2004), "Structural design and experimental verification of a buckling-restrained braced frame system", Eng. J. AISC., 41(4), 177-186.
  30. Maalek, S., Heidary-Torkamani, H., Pirooz, M.D. and Naeeini, S.T.O. (2019)." Numerical investigation of cyclic performance of frames equipped with tube-in-tube buckling restrained braces", Steel Compos. Struct., 30(3), 201-215. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.30.3.201.
  31. Mazzolani, F.M.M. (2008), "Innovative metal systems for seismic upgrading of RC structures", J. Constr. Steel Res., 64(7), 882-95, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2007.12.017.
  32. Mazzoni S., McKenna F., Scott M.H. and Fenves G.L. (2009), Open system for earthquake engineering simulation (OpenSees), User command language manual, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
  33. Merritt, S., Uang, C.M. and Benzoni, G. (2003), "Subassemblage testing of star seismic buckling-restrained braces", Report no TR-2003/04, San Diego, University of California.
  34. Mirtaheri, S.M., Nazeryan, M., Bahrani, M.K., Nooralizadeh, A., Montazerian, L. and Naserifard, M. (2017), "Local and global buckling condition of all-steel buckling restrained braces", Steel Compos. Struct., 23(2), 217-228. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2017.23.2.217.
  35. Ozcelik, R., Binici, B. and Kurc, O. (2012), "Pseudo Dynamic Testing of an RC Frame Retrofitted with Chevron Braces", J. Earthq. Eng., 16(4), 515-539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2011.653297.
  36. Ozcelik, R. and Erdil, E.F. (2019), "Pseudo dynamic test of a deficient RC frame strengthened with buckling restrained braces", Earthq. Spectra, 35(3), 1163-1187. https://doi.org/10.1193/122317EQS263M.
  37. Ozcelik, R., Dikiciasik, Y. and Erdil, E.F. (2017), "The development of the buckling restrained braces with new end restrains", J. Constr. Steel Res., 138(1), 208-220. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2017.07.008.
  38. Pandikkadavath, S.M. and Sahoo, R.D. (2016), "Analytical investigation on cyclic response of buckling-restrained braces with short yielding core segments", Int. J. Steel Struct., 16(4), 1273-85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13296-016-0083-y.
  39. Park, J., Lee, J. and Kim, J. (2012), "Cyclic test of buckling restrained braces composed of square steel rods and steel tube", Steel Compos. Struct., 13(5), 423-436. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2012.13.5.423.
  40. Razavi, S.A., Kianmehr, A., Hosseini, A. and Mirghaderi, S.R. (2018). "Buckling-restrained brace with CFRP encasing: Mechanical behavior & cyclic response", Steel Compos. Struct., 27(6), 675-689. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.27.6.675.
  41. Sabelli, R., Mahin, S. and Chang, C. (2003), "Seismic demands on steel braced frame buildings with buckling-restrained braces", Eng. Struct., 25(5), 655-666, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00175-X.
  42. Sherman, J. and Okazaki, T. (2010), "Bidirectional loading behavior of buckling-restrained braced frames", Proceedings of the Structures Congress, Orlando, Florida, USA, May. https://doi.org/10.1061/41130(369)320.
  43. Sutcu, F., Takeuchi, T. and Matsui, R. (2014), "Seismic retrofit design method for RC buildings using buckling-restrained braces and steel frames", J. Constr. Steel. Res., 101(1), 304-313. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2014.05.023.
  44. Takeuchi, T., Hajjar, J.F., Matsui, R., Nishimoto, K. and Aiken, I.D. (2012), "Effect of local buckling core plate restraint in buckling restrained braces", Eng Struct, 44(1), 304-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2012.05.026.
  45. Takeuchi, T., Ida, M., Yamada, S. and Suzuki, K. (2008), "Estimation of cumulative deformation capacity of buckling restrained braces", J. Struct. Eng., 134(5), 822-831, https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:5(822).
  46. Takeuchi, T., Ozaki, H., Matsui, R. and Sutcu, F. (2014), "Out-of-plane stability of buckling-restrained braces including moment transfer capacity", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 43(6), 851-869. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2376.
  47. Tremblay, R., Bolduc, P., Neville, R. and DeVall, R. (2006), "Seismic testing and performance of buckling-restrained bracing systems", Can. J. Civ. Eng., 33(2), 183-198. https://doi.org/10.1139/l05-103.
  48. Tsai, K., Lai, J., Hwang, Y., Lin, S. and Weng, C. (2004), "Research and application of double-core buckling restrained braces in Taiwan", Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, Canada, August.
  49. Tsai, K.C. and Hsiao, P.C. (2008), "Pseudo-dynamic test of a full-scale CFT/BRB frame-Part II: Seismic performance of buckling-restrained braces and connections", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 37(7), 1099-1115. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.803.
  50. Tsai, K.C., Hsiao, P.C., Wang, K.J., Weng, Y.T., Lin, M.L., Lin, K.C. et al. (2008), "Pseudo-dynamic tests of a full-scale CFT/BRB frame-Part I: Specimen design, experiment and analysis", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 37(7), 1081-1098. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.804.
  51. Tsai, K.C., Hwang, Y.C., Weng, C.S., Shirai, T. and Nakamura, H. (2002), "Experimental tests of large scale buckling restrained braces and frames", Proceedings of the Passiv. Control Symp., Tokyo, Japan.
  52. Tsai, K.C., Weng, Y.T., Wang, K.J., Tsai, C.Y. and Lai, J.W. (2006), "Bi-directional sub-structural pseudo-dynamic testing of a full scale 2-Story BRBF, Part 1: Seismic design, analytical and experimental performance assessments", Proceedings of the 8th U. S. Natl. Conf. Earthq. Eng., San Francisco, USA.
  53. Turkish Steel Design Code (2016), Design, calculation and construction details for steel structures, Ankara, Turkey. (In Turkish).
  54. Uang, C.M. and Nakashima, M. (2004), Earthquake engineering : from engineering seismology to performance-based engineering, CRC Press, Florida, USA.
  55. Uang, C.M., Nakashima, M. and Tsai, K.C. (2004), "Research and application of buckling-restrained braced frames", Int. J. Steel Struct., 4(4), 301-313.
  56. Uriz, P. (2005), "Towards earthquake resistant design of concentrically braced steel structures", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of California, California.
  57. Usami, T., Ge, H. and Kasai, A. (2008), "Overall buckling prevention condition of buckling-restrained braces as a structural control damper", Proceedings of the 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, October.
  58. Usami, T., Ge, H. and Luo, X. (2009), "Experimental and analytical study on high-performance buckling-restrained brace dampers for bridge engineering", Proceedings of the 3rd International Conf. AESE, San Francisco, USA, October.
  59. Usami, T., Wang, C.L. and Funayama, J. (2012), "Developing high-performance aluminum alloy buckling-restrained braces based on series of low-cycle fatigue tests", Earthq. Eng. Struct. D., 41(4), 643-661. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.1149.
  60. Wang, C.L., Usami, T., Funayama, J. and Imase, F. (2013), "Low-cycle fatigue testing of extruded aluminium alloy buckling-restrained braces", Eng. Struct., 46(2), 94-301. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2012.07.016.
  61. Watanabe, A., Hitomi, Y., Saeki, E., Wada, A. and Fujimoto, M. (1988), "Properties of brace encased in buckling-restraining concrete and steel tube", Proceedings of the 9th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Tokyo-Kyoto, Japan, August.
  62. Xie, Q. (2004), "State of the art of buckling-restrained braces in Asia", J. Constr. Steel Res., 61(6), 727-748. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCSR.2004.11.005.
  63. Young, Y.K., Kim, M.H., Kim, J. and Kim, S.D. (2009), "Component tests of buckling-restrained braces with unconstrained length", Eng. Struct., 31(2), 507-516, https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENGSTRUCT.2008.09.014.

Cited by

  1. Mechanical performance and damping effect of multi‐stage yield metal sleeve damper vol.29, pp.2, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1002/stc.2864