Acknowledgement
This study was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and Ministry of Education (grant numbers: NRF-2020R1A2B5B02001552, NRF-2019R1I1A1A01060238, and NRF-2017R1A6A3A11031757). This study has been worked with the support of a research grant of Kangwon National University in 2017.
References
- Neumann G, Kawaoka Y. The first influenza pandemic of the new millennium. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2011;5:157-166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-2659.2011.00231.x
- Kim JI, Lee S, Lee GY, Park S, Bae JY, Heo J, Kim HY, Woo SH, Lee HU, Ahn CA, et al. Novel small molecule targeting the hemagglutinin stalk of influenza viruses. J Virol 2019;93:e00878-19.
- Palese P. Influenza: old and new threats. Nat Med 2004;10:S82-S87. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm1141
- Ward P, Small I, Smith J, Suter P, Dutkowski R. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and its potential for use in the event of an influenza pandemic. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005;55 Suppl 1:i5-i21. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dki018
- Hong EH, Song JH, Kang KB, Sung SH, Ko HJ, Yang H. Anti-influenza activity of betulinic acid from Zizyphus jujuba on influenza A/PR/8 virus. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2015;23:345-349. https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2015.019
- Moscona A. Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza. N Engl J Med 2005;353:1363-1373. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra050740
- Ison MG. Antivirals and resistance: influenza virus. Curr Opin Virol 2011;1:563-573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2011.09.002
- Isin B, Doruker P, Bahar I. Functional motions of influenza virus hemagglutinin: a structure-based analytical approach. Biophys J 2002;82:569-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(02)75422-2
- Zeng LY, Yang J, Liu S. Investigational hemagglutinin-targeted influenza virus inhibitors. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017;26:63-73. https://doi.org/10.1080/13543784.2017.1269170
- Jakhar R, Paul S, Chauhan AK, Kang SC. Morin hydrate augments phagocytosis mechanism and inhibits LPS induced autophagic signaling in murine macrophage. Int Immunopharmacol 2014;22:356-365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2014.07.020
- Kapoor R, Kakkar P. Protective role of morin, a flavonoid, against high glucose induced oxidative stress mediated apoptosis in primary rat hepatocytes. PLoS One 2012;7:e41663.
- Zhou Y, Cao ZQ, Wang HY, Cheng YN, Yu LG, Zhang XK, Sun Y, Guo XL. The anti-inflammatory effects of Morin hydrate in atherosclerosis is associated with autophagy induction through cAMP signaling. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017;61:1600966.
- Singh MP, Chauhan AK, Kang SC. Morin hydrate ameliorates cisplatin-induced ER stress, inflammation and autophagy in HEK-293 cells and mice kidney via PARP-1 regulation. Int Immunopharmacol 2018;56:156-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2018.01.031
- Zhang ZT, Cao XB, Xiong N, Wang HC, Huang JS, Sun SG, Wang T. Morin exerts neuroprotective actions in Parkinson disease models in vitro and in vivo. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2010;31:900-906. https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2010.77
- Xu M, Zhang Y. Morin inhibits ovarian cancer growth through the inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019;19:2243-2250. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871521409666191014164742
- Kaihatsu K, Kawakami C, Kato N. Potential anti-influenza virus agents based on coffee ingredients and natural flavonols. Nat Prod Chem Res 2014;2:129.
- Kong B, Moon S, Kim Y, Heo P, Jung Y, Yu SH, Chung J, Ban C, Kim YH, Kim P, et al. Virucidal nano-perforator of viral membrane trapping viral RNAs in the endosome. Nat Commun 2019;10:185.
- Zhu L, Li Y, Li S, Li H, Qiu Z, Lee C, Lu H, Lin X, Zhao R, Chen L, et al. Inhibition of influenza A virus (H1N1) fusion by benzenesulfonamide derivatives targeting viral hemagglutinin. PLoS One 2011;6:e29120.
- Luo W, Zhang J, Liang L, Wang G, Li Q, Zhu P, Zhou Y, Li J, Zhao Y, Sun N, et al. Phospholipid scramblase 1 interacts with influenza A virus NP, impairing its nuclear import and thereby suppressing virus replication. PLoS Pathog 2018;14:e1006851.
- McKimm-Breschkin JL. Influenza neuraminidase inhibitors: antiviral action and mechanisms of resistance. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013;7 Suppl 1:25-36. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12047
- Moorthy NS, Poongavanam V, Pratheepa V. Viral M2 ion channel protein: a promising target for anti-influenza drug discovery. Mini Rev Med Chem 2014;14:819-830. https://doi.org/10.2174/138955751410141020150822
- Heo YA. Baloxavir: first global approval. Drugs 2018;78:693-697. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-018-0899-1
- LeGoff J, Rousset D, Abou-Jaoude G, Scemla A, Ribaud P, Mercier-Delarue S, Caro V, Enouf V, Simon F, Molina JM, et al. I223R mutation in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 neuraminidase confers reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir and zanamivir and enhanced resistance with H275Y. PLoS One 2012;7:e37095.
- Trebbien R, Pedersen SS, Vorborg K, Franck KT, Fischer TK. Development of oseltamivir and zanamivir resistance in influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, Denmark, 2014. Euro Surveill 2017;22:30445.
- Renaud C, Boudreault AA, Kuypers J, Lofy KH, Corey L, Boeckh MJ, Englund JA. H275Y mutant pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in immunocompromised patients. Emerg Infect Dis 2011;17:653-660. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1704.101429
- Leang SK, Kwok S, Sullivan SG, Maurer-Stroh S, Kelso A, Barr IG, Hurt AC. Peramivir and laninamivir susceptibility of circulating influenza A and B viruses. Influenza Other Respi Viruses 2014;8:135-139. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12187
- Briskin DP. Medicinal plants and phytomedicines. Linking plant biochemistry and physiology to human health. Plant Physiol 2000;124:507-514. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.124.2.507
- Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999;12:564-582. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.12.4.564
- Saito S, Kuroda K, Hayashi Y, Sasaki Y, Nagamura Y, Nishida K, Ishiguro I. Preparation of glycyrrhetic acid glycosides having various β(1→2)-linked disaccharides and their cytoprotective effects on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic injury. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1991;39:2333-2339. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.39.2333
- Vlietinck AJ, Vanden Berghe DA. Can ethnopharmacology contribute to the development of antiviral drugs? J Ethnopharmacol 1991;32:141-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(91)90112-Q
- Hong EH, Song JH, Shim A, Lee BR, Kwon BE, Song HH, Kim YJ, Chang SY, Jeong HG, Kim JG, et al. Coadministration of hedera helix l. Extract enabled mice to overcome insufficient protection against influenza A/PR/8 virus infection under suboptimal treatment with oseltamivir. PLoS One 2015;10:e0131089.
- Guan W, Li J, Chen Q, Jiang Z, Zhang R, Wang X, Yang Z, Pan X. Pterodontic acid isolated from Laggera pterodonta inhibits viral replication and inflammation induced by influenza a virus. Molecules 2017;22:1738.
- Song JH, Choi HJ. Silymarin efficacy against influenza A virus replication. Phytomedicine 2011;18:832-835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2011.01.026
- Zhang X, Xia Y, Yang L, He J, Li Y, Xia C. Brevilin A, a sesquiterpene lactone, inhibits the replication of influenza a virus in vitro and in vivo. Viruses 2019;11:835.
- Wu W, Li R, Li X, He J, Jiang S, Liu S, Yang J. Quercetin as an antiviral agent inhibits influenza a virus (IAV) entry. Viruses 2015;8:6.
- Sharma SH, Kumar JS, Chellappan DR, Nagarajan S. Molecular chemoprevention by morin - A plant flavonoid that targets nuclear factor kappa B in experimental colon cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2018;100:367-373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.02.035
- Qu Y, Wang C, Liu N, Gao C, Liu F. Morin exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on IL-1β-stimulated human osteoarthritis chondrocytes by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway. Cell Physiol Biochem 2018;51:1830-1838. https://doi.org/10.1159/000495684
- Pelham CJ, Agrawal DK. Emerging roles for triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells receptor family signaling in inflammatory diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014;10:243-256. https://doi.org/10.1586/1744666X.2014.866519
- Tammaro A, Derive M, Gibot S, Leemans JC, Florquin S, Dessing MC. TREM-1 and its potential ligands in non-infectious diseases: from biology to clinical perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2017;177:81-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2017.02.043
- Tornai D, Furi I, Shen ZT, Sigalov AB, Coban S, Szabo G. Inhibition of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 ameliorates inflammation and macrophage and neutrophil activation in alcoholic liver disease in mice. Hepatol Commun 2018;3:99-115. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.1269
- Liu Q, Zhou YH, Yang ZQ. The cytokine storm of severe influenza and development of immunomodulatory therapy. Cell Mol Immunol 2016;13:3-10. https://doi.org/10.1038/cmi.2015.74
- Chen X, Liu S, Goraya MU, Maarouf M, Huang S, Chen JL. Host immune response to influenza a virus infection. Front Immunol 2018;9:320.
- Kuriakose T, Kanneganti TD. Regulation and functions of NLRP3 inflammasome during influenza virus infection. Mol Immunol 2017;86:56-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2017.01.023
- Govorkova EA, Webster RG. Combination chemotherapy for influenza. Viruses 2010;2:1510-1529. https://doi.org/10.3390/v2081510
- Smee DF, Bailey KW, Morrison AC, Sidwell RW. Combination treatment of influenza A virus infections in cell culture and in mice with the cyclopentane neuraminidase inhibitor RWJ-270201 and ribavirin. Chemotherapy 2002;48:88-93. https://doi.org/10.1159/000057668