Acknowledgement
No funding was received for this manuscript. We recognize the humbling experience in caring for critically ill patients, who we continue to learn from so that others may benefit.
References
- Afra K, Laupland K, Leal J, Lloyd T, Gregson D. Incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of Fusobacterium species bacteremia. BMC Infect Dis 2013;13:264.
- Chan ED, Hermanoff MA, Connick E. Lemierre's postanginal sepsis in an "older" patient: case report and review of the English literature over the past twenty-five years. Clin Pulm Med 1999;6:333-338. https://doi.org/10.1097/00045413-199911000-00002
- Hagelskjaer Kristensen L, Prag J. Lemierre's syndrome and other disseminated Fusobacterium necrophorum infections in Denmark: a prospective epidemiological and clinical survey. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2008;27:779-789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-008-0496-4
- Lemierre A. On certain septicaemias due to anaerobic organisms. Lancet 1936;227:701-703. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)57035-4
- Kostic AD, Chun E, Robertson L, Glickman JN, Gallini CA, Michaud M, Clancy TE, Chung DC, Lochhead P, Hold GL, et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum potentiates intestinal tumorigenesis and modulates the tumor-immune microenvironment. Cell Host Microbe 2013;14:207-215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2013.07.007
- Kostic AD, Gevers D, Pedamallu CS, Michaud M, Duke F, Earl AM, Ojesina AI, Jung J, Bass AJ, Tabernero J, et al. Genomic analysis identifies association of Fusobacterium with colorectal carcinoma. Genome Res 2012;22:292-298. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.126573.111
- Li YY, Ge QX, Cao J, Zhou YJ, Du YL, Shen B, Wan YJ, Nie YQ. Association of Fusobacterium nucleatum infection with colorectal cancer in Chinese patients. World J Gastroenterol 2016;22:3227-3233. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i11.3227
- Mehta RS, Nishihara R, Cao Y, Song M, Mima K, Qian ZR, Nowak JA, Kosumi K, Hamada T, Masugi Y, et al. Association of dietary patterns with risk of colorectal cancer subtypes classified by Fusobacterium nucleatum in tumor tissue. JAMA Oncol 2017;3:921-927. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.6374
- Mima K, Cao Y, Chan AT, Qian ZR, Nowak JA, Masugi Y, Shi Y, Song M, da Silva A, Gu M, et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal carcinoma tissue according to tumor location. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2016;7:e200.
- Mima K, Nishihara R, Qian ZR, Cao Y, Sukawa Y, Nowak JA, Yang J, Dou R, Masugi Y, Song M, et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum in colorectal carcinoma tissue and patient prognosis. Gut 2016;65:1973-1980. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310101
- Mima K, Sukawa Y, Nishihara R, Qian ZR, Yamauchi M, Inamura K, Kim SA, Masuda A, Nowak JA, Nosho K, et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum and T cells in colorectal carcinoma. JAMA Oncol 2015;1:653-661. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.1377
- Nosho K, Sukawa Y, Adachi Y, Ito M, Mitsuhashi K, Kurihara H, Kanno S, Yamamoto I, Ishigami K, Igarashi H, et al. Association of Fusobacterium nucleatum with immunity and molecular alterations in colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016;22:557-566. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i2.557
- Sinha R, Ahn J, Sampson JN, Shi J, Yu G, Xiong X, Hayes RB, Goedert JJ. Fecal microbiota, fecal metabolome, and colorectal cancer interrelations. PLoS One 2016;11:e0152126.
- Kostic AD, Chun E, Meyerson M, Garrett WS. Microbes and inflammation in colorectal cancer. Cancer Immunol Res 2013;1:150-157. https://doi.org/10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-13-0101
- Viljoen KS, Dakshinamurthy A, Goldberg P, Blackburn JM. Quantitative profiling of colorectal cancer-associated bacteria reveals associations between fusobacterium spp., enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) and clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer. PLoS One 2015;10:e0119462.
- Lechiche C, Corne P, Riviere S, Jonquet O, Le Quellec A. Fusobacterium necrophorum septic shock from colonic origin with multiple abscesses. Rev Med Interne 2001;22:198-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0248-8663(00)00314-3
- Ieven M, Vael K, De Mayer M, De Schepper A, Pattyn S. Three cases of Fusobacterium necrophorum septicemia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1993;12:705-706. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02009385
- El-Sharif A, Elkhatib WF, Ashour HM. Nosocomial infections in leukemic and solid-tumor cancer patients: distribution, outcome and microbial spectrum of anaerobes. Future Microbiol 2012;7:1423-1429. https://doi.org/10.2217/fmb.12.125
- Rubinstein MR, Wang X, Liu W, Hao Y, Cai G, Han YW. Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes colorectal carcinogenesis by modulating E-cadherin/β-catenin signaling via its FadA adhesin. Cell Host Microbe 2013;14:195-206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2013.07.012
- Elliott LA, Doherty GA, Sheahan K, Ryan EJ. Human tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells: phenotypic and functional diversity. Front Immunol 2017;8:86.
- Shaul ME, Fridlender ZG. Tumour-associated neutrophils in patients with cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2019;16:601-620. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41571-019-0222-4
- Cools-Lartigue J, Spicer J, Najmeh S, Ferri L. Neutrophil extracellular traps in cancer progression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014;71:4179-4194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-014-1683-3
- Schmidt H, Bastholt L, Geertsen P, Christensen IJ, Larsen S, Gehl J, von der Maase H. Elevated neutrophil and monocyte counts in peripheral blood are associated with poor survival in patients with metastatic melanoma: a prognostic model. Br J Cancer 2005;93:273-278. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6602702
- Walsh SR, Cook EJ, Goulder F, Justin TA, Keeling NJ. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic factor in colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol 2005;91:181-184. https://doi.org/10.1002/jso.20329
- Dahlin AM, Henriksson ML, Van Guelpen B, Stenling R, Oberg A, Rutegard J, Palmqvist R. Colorectal cancer prognosis depends on T-cell infiltration and molecular characteristics of the tumor. Mod Pathol 2011;24:671-682. https://doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.2010.234
- Underhill ML, Germansky KA, Yurgelun MB. Advances in hereditary colorectal and pancreatic cancer. Clin Ther 2016;38:1600-1621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.03.017
- Chan ED, Kong PM, Fennelly K, Dwyer AP, Iseman MD. Vertebral osteomyelitis due to infection with nontuberculous Mycobacterium species after blunt trauma to the back: 3 examples of the principle of locus minoris resistentiae. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32:1506-1510. https://doi.org/10.1086/320155
- Walter ND, Rice PL, Redente EF, Kauvar EF, Lemond L, Aly T, Wanebo K, Chan ED. Wound healing after trauma may predispose to lung cancer metastasis: review of potential mechanisms. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011;44:591-596. https://doi.org/10.1165/rcmb.2010-0187RT
- Delahanty DL, Marley R, Fenton A, Salvator A, Woofter C, Erck D, Coleman J, Muakkassa F. A comparison between survival from cancer before and after a physical traumatic injury: physical trauma before cancer is associated with decreased survival. J Trauma Manag Outcomes 2015;9:8.