Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology

The Korean Society for Microbiology and Biotechnology (한국미생물·생명공학회)
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Omega Rhodopsins: A Versatile Class of Microbial Rhodopsins

  • Kwon, Soon-Kyeong (Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Jun, Sung-Hoon (Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute) ;
  • Kim, Jihyun F. (Department of Systems Biology, Division of Life Sciences, and Institute for Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University)
  • Received : 2019.12.05
  • Accepted : 2020.03.27
  • Published : 2020.05.28
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Abstract

Microbial rhodopsins are a superfamily of photoactive membrane proteins with the covalently bound retinal cofactor. Isomerization of the retinal chromophore upon absorption of a photon triggers conformational changes of the protein to function as ion pumps or sensors. After the discovery of proteorhodopsin in an uncultivated γ-proteobacterium, light-activated proton pumps have been widely detected among marine bacteria and, together with chlorophyll-based photosynthesis, are considered as an important axis responsible for primary production in the biosphere. Rhodopsins and related proteins show a high level of phylogenetic diversity; we focus on a specific class of bacterial rhodopsins containing the '3 omega motif.' This motif forms a stack of three non-consecutive aromatic amino acids that correlates with the B-C loop orientation and is shared among the phylogenetically close ion pumps such as the NDQ motif-containing sodium-pumping rhodopsin, the NTQ motif-containing chloride-pumping rhodopsin, and some proton-pumping rhodopsins including xanthorhodopsin. Here, we reviewed the recent research progress on these 'omega rhodopsins,' and speculated on their evolutionary origin of functional diversity.

Keywords

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