Advances in concrete construction

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of subsequent curing on chloride resistance and microstructure of steam-cured mortar

  • Hu, Yuquan (College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University) ;
  • Hu, Shaowei (School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University) ;
  • Yang, Bokai (The College of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University) ;
  • Wang, Siyao (School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University)
  • Received : 2019.12.26
  • Accepted : 2020.03.30
  • Published : 2020.05.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The influence of subsequent curing on the performance of fly ash contained mortar under steam curing was studied. Mortar samples incorporated with different content (0%, 20%, 50% and 70%) of Class F fly ash under five typical subsequent curing conditions, including standard curing (ZS), water curing(ZW) under 25℃, oven-dry curing (ZD) under 60℃, frozen curing (ZF) under -10℃, and nature curing (ZN) exposed to outdoor environment were implemented. The unsteady chloride diffusion coefficient was measured by rapid chloride migration test (RCM) to analyze the influence of subsequent curing condition on the resistance to chloride penetration of fly ash contained mortar under steam curing. The compressive strength was measured to analyze the mechanical properties. Furthermore, the open porosity, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were examined to investigate the pore characteristics and phase composition of mortar. The results indicate that the resistance to chloride ingress and compressive strength of steam-cured mortar decline with the increase of fly ash incorporated, regardless of the subsequent curing condition. Compared to ZS, ZD and ZF lead to poor resistance to chloride penetration, while ZW and ZN show better performance. Interestingly, under different fly ash contents, the declining order of compressive strength remains ZS>ZW>ZN>ZD>ZF. When the fly ash content is blow 50%, the open porosity grows with increase of fly ash, regardless of the curing conditions are diverse. However, if the replacement amount of fly ash exceeds a certain high proportion (70%), the value of open porosity tends to decrease. Moreover, the main phase composition of the mortar hydration products is similar under different curing conditions, but the declining order of the C-S-H gels and ettringite content is ZS>ZD>ZF. The addition of fly ash could increase the amount of harmless pores at early age.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This research is supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (grant no. 2016YFC0401902). The authors also acknowledge the financial supports for this research from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 51739008, 51527811).

References

  1. Alexander, M. and Beushausen, H. (2019), "Durability, service life prediction, and modelling for reinforced concrete structures-review and critique", Cement Concrete Res., 122, 17-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2019.04.018.
  2. Ampadu, K.O., Torii, K. and Kawamura, M. (1999), "Beneficial effect of fly ash on chloride diffusivity of hardened cement paste", Cement Concrete Res., 29(4), 585-590. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(99)00047-2.
  3. AWWA C301 (2007), Prestressed Concrete Pressure Pipe, Steel-Cylinder Type, American Water Works Association, American National Standard Institute; Denver, USA.
  4. Ba, M.F., Qian, C.X., Guo, X.J. and Han, X.Y. (2011), "Effects of steam curing on strength and porous structure of concrete with low water/binder ratio", Constr. Build. Mater., 25(1), 123-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.049.
  5. Baert, G., Poppe, A.M. and Belie, N.D. (2008), "Strength and durability of high-volume fly ash concrete", Struct. Concrete, 9(2), 101-108. https://doi.org/101-108. 10.1680/stco.2008.9.2.101.
  6. Chai, W., Li, W. and Ba, H. (2011), "Experimental study on predicting service life of concrete in the marine environment", Open Civil Eng. J., 5, 93-99. https://doi.org/10.2174/1876523801104010093.
  7. Chen, E. and Leung, C.K. (2015), "Finite element modeling of concrete cover cracking due to non-uniform steel corrosion", Eng. Fract. Mech., 134, 61-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.12.011.
  8. Cullu, M. and Arslan, M. (2014), "The effects of chemical attacks on physical and mechanical properties of concrete produced under cold weather conditions", Constr. Build. Mater., 57, 53-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.072.
  9. Engineering.com (2018), Italy's Morandi Bridge Collapse-What Do We Know?, Deutsch.
  10. Erdogdu, S. and Kurbetci, S. (1998), "Optimum heat treatment cycle for cements of different type and composition", Cement Concrete Res., 28(11), 1595-1604. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-8846(98)00134-3.
  11. GB/T 19685 (2017), Prestressed Concrete Cylinder Pipe, China Standard Press, Beijing, China.
  12. Geng, J., Peng, B. and Sun, J.Y. (2011), "Effect of steam curing system on pore structure of cement paste", J. Build. Mater., 14(1), 116-118. (in Chinese) https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1007-9629.2011.01.023
  13. Hooton, R.D. and Titherington, M.P. (2004), "Chloride resistance of high-performance concretes subjected to accelerated curing", Cement Concrete Res., 34(9), 1561-1567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.03.024.
  14. Hosseini, S.A. (2018), "Experimental study of the effect of water to cement ratio on mechanical and durability properties of Nano-silica concretes with Polypropylene fibers", Sci. Iran, 26(5), 2712-2722. https://doi.org/10.24200/SCI.2017.5077.1079.
  15. Huang, X., Hu, S., Wang, F., Yang, L., Rao, M., Mu, Y. and Wang, C. (2019), "The effect of supplementary cementitious materials on the permeability of chloride in steam cured high-ferrite Portland cement concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 197, 99-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.107.
  16. Jena, T. and Panda, K.C. (2015), "Influence of sea water on strength and durability properties of concrete", Adv. Struct. Eng., 03, 1863-1873. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2187-6_143.
  17. Jena, T. and Panda, K.C. (2017a), "Compressive strength and carbonation of sea water cured blended concrete", Int. J. Civil Eng. Technol., 8(2), 153-162.
  18. Jena, T. and Panda, K.C. (2017b), "Usage of fly ash and silpozz on strength and surptivity of marine concrete", Int. J. Appl. Eng. Res., 12(16), 5768-5780.
  19. Jena, T. and Panda, K.C. (2018), "Mechanical and durability properties of marine concrete using fly ash and silpozz", Adv. Concrete Constr., 6(1), 47-68. https://10.12989/acc.2018.6.1.047.
  20. Jena, T. and Panda, K.C. (2019), "Study on strength reduction factor of blended concrete exposed to sea water", Rec. Adv. Struct. Eng., 1, 787-801. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0362-3_64.
  21. JGJ 52 (2006), Standard for Technical Requirements and Test Method of Sand and Crushed Stone (or Gravel) for Ordinary Concrete, China Construction Industry Press, Beijing, China.
  22. JTS/T 236 (2019), Technical Specification for Concrete Test and Detection of Water Transport Engineering, People's Communications Press Co., Ltd.; Beijing, China.
  23. Kumar, V.P. and Prasad, D.R. (2019), "Influence of supplementary cementitious materials on strength and durability characteristics of concrete", Adv. Concrete Constr., 7(2), 75-85. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2019.7.2.075.
  24. Kurtoglu, A.E., Alzeebaree, R., Aljumaili, O. and Nis, A. (2018). "Mechanical and durability properties of fly ash and slag based geopolymer concrete", Adv. Concrete Constr., 6(4), 345-362. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2018.6.4.345.
  25. Li, G., Yang, B.Y., Guo, C.S., Du, J.M. and Wu, X.S. (2015), "Time dependence and service life prediction of chloride resistance of concrete coatings", Constr. Build. Mater., 83, 19-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.003.
  26. Li, K., Zhang, D., Li, Q. and Fan, Z. (2019), "Durability for concrete structures in marine environments of HZM project: Design, assessment and beyond", Cement Concrete Res., 115, 545-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2018.08.006.
  27. Liu, B., Xie, Y. and Li, J. (2005), "Influence of steam curing on the compressive strength of concrete containing supplementary cementing materials", Cement Concrete Res., 35(5), 994-998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.05.044.
  28. Liu, J., Tang, K., Qiu, Q., Pan, D., Lei, Z. and Xing, F. (2014), "Experimental investigation on pore structure characterization of concrete exposed to water and chlorides", Mater., 7, 6646-6659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7096646.
  29. Liu, J., Wang, X., Qiu, Q., Ou, G. and Xing, F. (2017), "Understanding the effect of curing age on the chloride resistance of fly ash blended concrete by rapid chloride migration test", Mater. Chem. Phys., 196, 315-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2017.05.011.
  30. Mei, J., Ma, B., Tan, H., Li, H., Liu, X., Jiang, W., Zhang, T. and Guo, Y. (2018), "Influence of steam curing and nano silica on hydration and microstructure characteristics of high volume fly ash cement system", Constr. Build. Mater., 171, 83-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.056.
  31. Monticelli, C., Natali, M.E., Balbo, A., Chiavari, C., Zanotto, F., Manzi, S., and Bignozzi, M.C. (2016), "A study on the corrosion of reinforcing bars in alkali-activated fly ash mortars under wet and dry exposures to chloride solutions", Cement Concrete Res., 87, 53-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2016.05.010.
  32. Neville, A.M. (2011), Properties of Concrete, Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, London, United Kingdom.
  33. Noh, H.M. and Sonoda, Y. (2016), "Potential effects of corrosion damage on the performance of reinforced concrete member", MATEC Web of Conferences, 47, 02007. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20164702007.
  34. NT Build 492 (2019), Concrete, Mortar, and Cement-Based Repair Materials: Chloride Migration Coefficient from Non-Steady-State Migration Experiments, Nordtest, Espoo, Finland.
  35. Pack, S.W., Jung, M.S., Song, H.W. and Kim, S.H. (2010), "Prediction of time dependent chloride transport in concrete structures exposed to a marine environment", Cement Concrete Res., 40(2), 302-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.09.023.
  36. Panda, K.C. and Prusty, S.D. (2015), "Influence of silpozz and rice husk ash on enhancement of concrete strength", Adv. Concrete Constr., 3(3), 203-221. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2015.3.3.203.
  37. Patel, H.H., Bland, C.H. and Poole, A.B. (1995), "The microstructure of concrete cured at elevated temperatures", Cement Concrete Res., 25(3), 485-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/0008-8846(95)00036-C.
  38. Saca, N. and Georgescu, M. (2014), "Behavior of ternary blended cements containing limestone filler and fly ash in magnesium sulfate solution at low temperature", Constr. Build. Mater., 71, 246-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.037.
  39. Sahani, A.K., Samanta, A.K. and Roy, D.K.S. (2019). "Influence of mineral by-products on compressive strength and microstructure of concrete at high temperature", Adv. Concr. Constr., 7(4), 263-275. https://doi.org/10.12989/acc.2019.7.4.263.
  40. Scrivener, K.L. (2004), "Backscattered electron imaging of cementitious microstructures: understanding and quantification", Cement Concrete Compos., 26(8), 935-945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.02.029.
  41. Sengul, O. and Tasdemir, M.A. (2009), "Compressive strength and rapid chloride permeability of concretes with ground fly ash and slag", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 21(9), 494-501. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2009)21:9(494).
  42. Shi, C. (2004), "Effect of mixing proportions of concrete on its electrical conductivity and the rapid chloride permeability test (ASTM C1202 or ASSHTO T277) results", Cement Concrete Res., 34, 537-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2003.09.007.
  43. Siddique, R. (2011), "Properties of self-compacting concrete containing class F fly ash", Mater. Des., 32(3), 1501-1507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.08.043.
  44. Song, H.W., Lee, C.H. and Ann, K.Y. (2008), "Factors influencing chloride transport in concrete structures exposed to marine environments", Cement Concrete Compos., 30(2), 113-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.09.005.
  45. Song, H.W., Pack, S.W. and Ann, K.Y. (2009), "Probabilistic assessment to predict the time to corrosion of steel in reinforced concrete tunnel box exposed to sea water", Constr. Build. Mater., 23(10), 3270-3278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.05.007.
  46. Spiesz, P. and Brouwers, H.J.H. (2012), "Influence of the applied voltage on the rapid chloride migration (RCM) test", Cement Concrete Res., 42(8), 1072-1082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2012.04.007.
  47. Tripathi, S.R., Ogura, H., Inoue, H., Hasegawa, T., Takeya, K. and Kawase, K. (2012), "Measurement of chloride ion concentration in concrete structures using terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS)", Corros. Sci., 62, 5-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2012.05.005.
  48. Turkmen, I. and Kantarci, A. (2007), "Effects of expanded perlite aggregate and different curing conditions on the physical and mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete", Build. Environ., 42(6), 2378-2383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.06.002.
  49. Verma, S.K., Bhadauria, S.S. and Akhtar, S. (2013), "Evaluating effect of chloride attack and concrete cover on the probability of corrosion", Front. Struct. Civil Eng., 7, 379-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-013-0223-9.
  50. Wu, Z. (1979), "An approach to the recent trends of concrete science and technology", J. Chin Ceram. Soc., 7(3), 262-270. (in Chinese)
  51. Yan, X., Jiang, L., Guo, M., Chen, Y., Song, Z. and Bian, R. (2019), "Evaluation of sulfate resistance of slag contained concrete under steam curing", Constr. Build. Mater., 195, 231-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.11.073.
  52. Yang, C.C. and Wang, L.C. (2004), "The diffusion characteristic of concrete with mineral admixtures between salt ponding test and accelerated chloride migration test", Mater. Chem. Phys., 85(2-3), 266-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2003.12.025.
  53. Zhang, P. and Li, Q. F. (2013), "Effect of silica fume on durability of concrete composites containing fly ash", Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater., 20(1), 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1515/secm-2012-0081.
  54. Zhang, P. and Li, Q. F. (2014), "Freezing-thawing durability of fly ash concrete composites containing silica fume and polypropylene fiber", Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng., Part L: J. Mater.: Des. Appl., 228(3), 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464420713480984.
  55. Zou, C., Long, G., Ma, C. and Xie, Y. (2018), "Effect of subsequent curing on surface permeability and compressive strength of steam-cured concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 188, 424-432. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.076.
  56. Zou, C., Long, G., Xie, Y., He, J., Ma, C. and Zeng, X. (2019), "Evolution of multi-scale pore structure of concrete during steam-curing process", Microporous Mesoporous Mater., 288(1), 109566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2019.109566.