DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

The Effect of Information Asymmetry on the Method of Payment and Post-M&A Involuntary Delisting

  • 투고 : 2020.08.31
  • 심사 : 2020.09.21
  • 발행 : 2020.09.30

초록

Purpose - This paper shows an unexplored area related to involuntary delisting. Specifically, this research investigates the effect of target firm information asymmetry on the likelihood that the acquirer or newly merged firm will be forcibly delisted post-merger. Design/methodology/approach - The research uses a sample gathered on local US mergers and acquisitions from the Thomson Reuters Securities Data Company (SDC) Platinum Mergers and Acquisitions database. It applies the logistic regression with industry and year effects and corrects the error term using clustering at the industry level. The research also matches the forced delisted firms to control firms based on industry, acquisition completion year, and firm size and then employs a matched sample analysis. Findings - Findings show that M&As between firms where the target firm is opaque and burdened with high information asymmetry issues are likely to be paid for using majority stock and that M&As involving such opaque targets also have a higher likelihood of getting delisted post-merger. Research implications or Originality - Our results are relevant given the very nature of M&As which involve two players: the acquirer and target who both may have different incentives. Acquirers especially have the tendency to suffer losses and even get delisted if they over-pay for or get merged to a poor target which conceals its poor performance evidenced by higher accruals quality.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Akerlof, G. A. (1970), "The Market for Lemons: Quality Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism", The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 84(3), 488-500. https://doi.org/10.2307/1879431
  2. Bartlett, R. (2009), "Going Private But Staying Public: Reexamining the Effect of Sarbanes-Oxley on Firms' Going-private Decisions", The University of Chicago Law Review, 76(1), 7-44.
  3. Bharath, S. T. and A. K. Dittmar (2010), "Why Do Firms Use Private Equity to Opt Out of Public Markets?", Review of Financial Studies, 23, 1771-1818. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/hhq016
  4. Bhattacharya, U., A. Borisov and X. Yu (2015), "Firm Mortality and Natal Financial Care", Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 50, 61-88. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022109014000581
  5. Charitou, A., C. Louca and N. Vafeas (2007), "Boards, Ownership Structure, and Involuntary Delisting from the New York Stock Exchange", Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, 26(2), 249-262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccpubpol.2007.02.006
  6. Cornanic, A. and J. Novak (2015), Earnings Management to Avoid Delisting from a Stock Market, Available from SSRN 2557623, (accessed 4th August, 2020).
  7. Cornett, M. M. and S. De (1991), "Medium of Payment in Corporate Acquisitions: Evidence from Interstate Bank Mergers", Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 23(4), 767-776. https://doi.org/10.2307/1992711
  8. Croci, E. and A. D. Giudice (2014), "Delistings, Controlling Shareholders and Firm Performance in Europe", European Financial Management, 20(2), 374-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-036X.2011.00640.x
  9. DeAngelo, H., L. DeAngelo and E. M. Rice (1984), "Going Private: Minority Freezeouts and Stockholder Wealth", The Journal of Law and Economics, 27(2), 367-401. https://doi.org/10.1086/467070
  10. Dechow, P. M. and I. D. Dichev (2002), "The Quality of Accruals and Earnings: The Role of Accrual Estimation Errors", The Accounting Review, 77(s-1), 35-59. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2002.77.s-1.35
  11. Easterwood, C.M. (1998), "Takeovers and Incentives for Earnings Management: An Empirical Analysis", Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR), 14(1), 29-48. https://doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v14i1.5726
  12. Fama, E. F. and K. R. French (2004), "New Lists: Fundamentals and Survival Rates", Journal of Financial Economics, 73, 229-269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2003.04.001
  13. Francis, J., R. LaFond, P. Olsson and K. Schipper (2005), "The Market Pricing of Accruals Quality", Journal of Accounting and Economics, 39(2), 295-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2004.06.003
  14. Goktan, M. S. (2013), "How Does Information Asymmetry Affect the Division of Gains in Mergers?", Managerial Finance, 39(1), 60-85. https://doi.org/10.1108/03074351311283577
  15. Hansen, R. G. (1987), "A Theory for the Choice of Exchange Medium in Mergers and Acquisitions", Journal of Business, 60(1), 75-95. https://doi.org/10.1086/296386
  16. Harris, J. H., V. Panchapagesan and I. M. Werner (2008), Off But Not Gone: A Study of Nasdaq Delistings, Fisher College of Business Working Paper No. 2008-03-005 and Dice Center Working Paper No. 2008-6. Available from SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=628203 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.628203.
  17. Ismail, A. and A. Krause (2010), "Determinants of the Method of Payment in Mergers and Acquisitions", The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 50(4), 471-484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.qref.2010.06.003
  18. Kim D. and Y. Qi (2010), "Accruals Quality, Stock Returns, and Macroeconomic Conditions", The Accounting Review, 85(3), 937-978. https://doi.org/10.2308/accr.2010.85.3.937
  19. Lee, G. and R. W. Masulis (2009), "Seasoned Equity Offerings: Quality of Accounting Information and Expected Flotation Costs", Journal of Financial Economics, 92(3), 443-469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2008.04.010
  20. Leuz, C., A. Triantis and T. Y. Wang (2008), "Why do Firms Go Dark? Causes and Economic Consequences of Voluntary SEC Deregistrations", Journal of Accounting & Economics, 45, 181-208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacceco.2008.01.001
  21. Li, J. and J. Zhou (2006), Earning Management and Delisting Risk of Initial Public Offering. Simon school, University of Rochester, Research Paper Series, AAA 2008 Financial Accounting and Reporting Section (FARS) Paper. Available from SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=641021 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.641021.
  22. Louis H. and A. X. Sun (2016), "Abnormal Accruals and Managerial Intent: Evidence from the Timing of Merger Announcements and Completions", Contemp. Account. Res, 33, 1101-1135. https://doi.org/10.1111/1911-3846.12171
  23. Macey, J., M. O'Hara and D. Pompilio (2008), "Down and Out in the Stock Market: The law and Economics of the Delisting Process", The Journal of Law and Economics, 51(4), 683-713. https://doi.org/10.1086/593386
  24. Martinez, I. and S. Serve (2017), "Reasons for Delisting and Consequences: A Literature Review and Research Agenda", Journal of Economic Surveys, 31(3), 733-770. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12170
  25. Myers, S. C. and N. S. Majluf (1984), Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions When Firms Have Information That Investors Do Not Have (No. w1396), National Bureau of Economic Research.
  26. Officer, M. S., A. B. Poulsen and M. Stegemoller (2009), "Target-firm Information Asymmetry and Acquirer Returns", Review of Finance, 13(3), 467-493. https://doi.org/10.1093/rof/rfn017
  27. Peristiani, S. and G. Hong (2004), "Pre-IPO Financial Performance and Aftermarket Survival", Current Issues in Economics and Finance, 10(2), 1-7.
  28. Pour, E. K. and M. Lasfer (2013), "Why Do Companies Delist Voluntarily from the Stock Market?", Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(12), 4850-4860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.08.022
  29. Renneboog, L., T. Simons and M. Wright (2007), "Why Do Public Firms Go Private in the UK? The Impact of Private Equity Investors, Incentive Realignment and Undervaluation", Journal of Corporate Finance, 13, 591-628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcorpfin.2007.04.005
  30. Rhodes-Kropf, M. and S. Viswanathan (2004), "Market Valuation and Merger Waves", The Journal of Finance, 59(6), 2685-2718. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2004.00713.x
  31. Serrano, A. (2013), Two Essays On Regulation, Ph. D. dissertation, Graduate School-Newark Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.7282/T3GM859S.
  32. Shleifer, A. and R. W. Vishny (2003), "Stock Market Driven Acquisitions", Journal of Financial Economics, 70(3), 295-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-405X(03)00211-3
  33. Shumway, T. (1997), "The Delisting Bias in CRSP Data", The Journal of Finance, 52(1), 327-340. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1997.tb03818.x
  34. Thomsen, S. and F. Vinten (2014), "Delistings and the Costs of Governance: A Study of European Stock Exchanges 1996-2004", Journal of Management & Governance, 18(3), 793-833. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10997-013-9256-7
  35. Weir, C., M. Wright and L. Scholes (2008), "Public-to-private Buy-outs, Distress Costs and Private Equity", Applied Financial Economics, 18, 801-819. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603100701222283
  36. Yang, S. Y. (2006), Do At-risk Firms with Good Prospects Manage Accruals to Avoid Delisting?, Working Paper, McCombs School of Business, University of Texas at Austin, (Accessed 4th August, 2020).