Journal of Veterinary Science

  • 제21권6호
  • /
  • Pages.82.1-82.10
  • /
  • 2020
  • /
  • 1229-845X(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1976-555X(eISSN)
대한수의학회 (The Korean Society of Veterinary Science)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Clinical assessment and grading of back pain in horses

  • Mayaki, Abubakar Musa (Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia) ;
  • Razak, Intan Shameha Abdul (Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia) ;
  • Adzahan, Noraniza Mohd (Department of Farm and Exotic Animal Medicine and Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia) ;
  • Mazlan, Mazlina (Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia) ;
  • Rasedee, Abdullah (Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia)
  • 투고 : 2020.03.09
  • 심사 : 2020.08.27
  • 발행 : 2020.11.30
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Background: The clinical presentation of horses with back pain (BP) vary considerably with most horse's willingness to take part in athletic or riding purpose becoming impossible. However, there are some clinical features that are directly responsible for the loss or failure of performance. Objectives: To investigate the clinical features of the thoracolumbar region associated with BP in horses and to use some of the clinical features to classify equine BP. Methods: Twenty-four horses comprised of 14 with BP and 10 apparently healthy horses were assessed for clinical abnormality that best differentiate BP from normal horses. The horses were then graded (0-5) using the degree of pain response, muscular hypertonicity, thoracolumbar joint stiffness and overall physical dysfunction of the horse. Results: The common clinical features that significantly differentiate horses with BP from non-BP were longissimus dorsi spasm at palpation (78.6%), paravertebral muscle stiffness (64.3%), resist lateral bending (64.3%), and poor hindlimb impulsion (85.7%). There were significantly (p < 0.05) higher scores for pain response to palpation, muscular hypertonicity, thoracolumbar joint stiffness and physical dysfunction among horses with BP in relation to non-BP. A significant relationship exists between all the graded abnormalities. Based on the cumulative score, horses with BP were categorized into mild, mild-moderate, moderate and severe cases. Conclusions: BP in horse can be differentiated by severity of pain response to back palpation, back muscle hypertonicity, thoracolumbar joint stiffness, physical dysfunctions and their cumulative grading score is useful in the assessment and categorization of BP in horses.

키워드

과제정보

We deeply acknowledge the resident veterinarian's at large animal clinics, University Veterinary Hospital-Universiti Putra Malaysia (UVH-UPM) for their assistant and horse owners for consent to use their horses.

참고문헌

  1. Jeffcott LB. Disorders of the thoracolumbar spine of the horse--a survey of 443 cases. Equine Vet J. 1980;12(4):197-210. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1980.tb03427.x
  2. Gillis C. Spinal ligament pathology. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1999;15(1):97-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30166-9
  3. Henson FM, Lamas L, Knezevic S, Jeffcott LB. Ultrasonographic evaluation of the supraspinous ligament in a series of ridden and unridden horses and horses with unrelated back pathology. BMC Vet Res. 2007;3:3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-3-3
  4. Mayaki AM, Intan-Shameha AR, Noraniza MA, Mazlina M, Adamu L, Abdullah R. Clinical investigation of back disorders in horses: a retrospective study (2002-2017). Vet World. 2019;12(3):377-381. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2019.377-381
  5. Dyson S, Berger JM, Ellis AD, Mullard J. Behavioral observations and comparisons of nonlame horses and lame horses before and after resolution of lameness by diagnostic analgesia. J Vet Behav. 2018;26:64-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2018.05.001
  6. Landman MA, de Blaauw JA, van Weeren PR, Hofland LJ. Field study of the prevalence of lameness in horses with back problems. Vet Rec. 2004;155(6):165-168. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.155.6.165
  7. Mohammed HO, Divers TJ, Summers BA, de Lahunta A. Vitamin E deficiency and risk of equine motor neuron disease. Acta Vet Scand. 2007;49(1):17. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-49-17
  8. Weber Polack E, King JM, Cummings JF, de Lahunta A, Divers TJ, Mohammed HO. Quantitative assessment of motor neuron loss in equine motor neuron disease (EMND). Equine Vet J. 1998;30(3):256-259. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1998.tb04497.x
  9. Riccio B, Fraschetto C, Villanueva J, Cantatore F, Bertuglia A. Two multicenter surveys on equine back-pain 10 years a part. Front Vet Sci. 2018;5:195. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2018.00195
  10. American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP) Horse Show Committee. Guide to Veterinary Services for Horses Shows. 7th ed. Lexington: American Association of Equine Practitioners; 1999.
  11. Cauin E. Assessment of back pain in horses. In Pract. 1997;19:522-533. https://doi.org/10.1136/inpract.19.10.522
  12. de Heus P, van Oossanen G, van Dierendonck MC, Back W. A pressure algometer is a useful tool to objectively monitor the effect of diagnostic palpation by a physiotherapist in Warmblood horses. J Equine Vet Sci. 2010;30(6):310-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2010.04.010
  13. Haussler KK, Erb HN. Pressure algometry for the detection of induced back pain in horses: a preliminary study. Equine Vet J. 2006;38(1):76-81. https://doi.org/10.2746/042516406775374225
  14. Lane DM, Hill SA. Pressure algometry measurement of canine muscular pain near the thoracolumbar junction: evaluation of a modified technique. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2016;43(2):227-234. https://doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12308
  15. Grint NJ, Beths T, Yvorchuk K, Taylor PM, Dixon M, Whay HR, et al. The influence of various confounding factors on mechanical nociceptive thresholds in the donkey. Vet Anaesth Analg. 2014;41(4):421-429. https://doi.org/10.1111/vaa.12132
  16. Pongratz U, Licka T. Algometry to measure pain threshold in the horse's back - An in vivo and in vitro study. BMC Vet Res. 2017;13(1):80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-017-1002-y
  17. Dyson S, Murray R. Pain associated with the sacroiliac joint region: a clinical study of 74 horses. Equine Vet J. 2003;35(3):240-245. https://doi.org/10.2746/042516403776148255
  18. Lesimple C, Fureix C, Biquand V, Hausberger M. Comparison of clinical examinations of back disorders and humans' evaluation of back pain in riding school horses. BMC Vet Res. 2013;9:209. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-6148-9-209
  19. Martin BB Jr, Klide AM. Physical examination of horses with back pain. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1999;15(1):61-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30163-3
  20. Sardari K. Back pain: a significant cause of poor performance in show jumping horses (diagnostic challenge and treatment). Iran J Vet Surg. 2008;5(2):163-169.
  21. Bergmann W, Bergknut N, Veraa S, Grone A, Vernooij H, Wijnberg ID, et al. Intervertebral disc degeneration in Warmblood horses: morphology, grading, and distribution of lesions. Vet Pathol. 2018;55(3):442-452. https://doi.org/10.1177/0300985817747950
  22. Veraa S, Bergmann W, Wijnberg ID, Back W, Vernooij H, Nielen M, et al. Equine cervical intervertebral disc degeneration is associated with location and MRI features. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2019;60(6):696-706. https://doi.org/10.1111/vru.12794
  23. Cousty M, Retureau C, Tricaud C, Geffroy O, Caure S. Location of radiological lesions of the thoracolumbar column in French trotters with and without signs of back pain. Vet Rec. 2010;166(2):41-45. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.c70
  24. Hyytiainen HK, Mykkanen AK, Hielm-Bjorkman AK, Stubbs NC, McGowan CM. Muscle fibre type distribution of the thoracolumbar and hindlimb regions of horses: relating fibre type and functional role. Acta Vet Scand. 2014;56(1):8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1751-0147-56-8
  25. Barstow A, Dyson S. Clinical features and diagnosis of sacroiliac joint region pain in 296 horses: 2004-2014. Equine Vet Educ. 2015;27(12):637-647. https://doi.org/10.1111/eve.12377
  26. Knutson GA, Owens EF. Active and passive characteristics of muscle tone and their relationship to models of subluxation/joint dysfunction: Part I. J Can Chiropr Assoc. 2003;47(3):168-179.
  27. Licka T, Frey A, Peham C. Electromyographic activity of the longissimus dorsi muscles in horses when walking on a treadmill. Vet J. 2009;180(1):71-76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.11.001
  28. Stubbs NC, Riggs CM, Hodges PW, Jeffcott LB, Hodgson DR, Clayton HM, et al. Osseous spinal pathology and epaxial muscle ultrasonography in Thoroughbred racehorses. Equine Vet J Suppl. 2010;(38):654-661.
  29. Girodroux M, Dyson S, Murray R. Osteoarthritis of the thoracolumbar synovial intervertebral articulations: clinical and radiographic features in 77 horses with poor performance and back pain. Equine Vet J. 2009;41(2):130-138. https://doi.org/10.2746/042516408X345099
  30. Meehan L, Dyson S, Murray R. Radiographic and scintigraphic evaluation of spondylosis in the equine thoracolumbar spine: a retrospective study. Equine Vet J. 2009;41(8):800-807. https://doi.org/10.2746/042516409X436592
  31. Zimmerman M, Dyson S, Murray R. Comparison of radiographic and scintigraphic findings of the spinous processes in the equine thoracolumbar region. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2011;52(6):661-671. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.2011.01845.x
  32. Greve L, Dyson S, Pfau T. Alterations in thoracolumbosacral movement when pain causing lameness has been improved by diagnostic analgesia. Vet J. 2017;224:55-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.03.009
  33. Johnston C, Holmt K, Faber M, Erichsen C, Eksell P, Drevemo S. Effect of conformational aspects on the movement of the equine back. Equine Vet J Suppl. 2002;(34):314-318.
  34. Kleinstuck F, Dvorak J, Mannion AF. Are "structural abnormalities" on magnetic resonance imaging a contraindication to the successful conservative treatment of chronic nonspecific low back pain? Spine. 2006;31(19):2250-2257. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000232802.95773.89
  35. Lesimple C, Fureix C, De Margerie E, Seneque E, Menguy H, Hausberger M. Towards a postural indicator of back pain in horses (Equus caballus). PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e44604. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0044604
  36. Ellis AD, Stephenson M, Preece M, Harris P. A novel approach to systematically compare behavioural patterns between and within groups of horses. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 2014;161:60-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2014.09.017
  37. Hall C, Heleski C. The role of the ethogram in equitation science. Appl Anim Behav Sci. 2017;190:102-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.02.013