Earthquakes and Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Experimental evaluation of external beam-column joints reinforced by deformed and plain bar

  • Adibi, Mahdi (School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bojnord) ;
  • Shafaei, Jalil (Faculty of Civil Engineering, Shahrood university of technology) ;
  • Aliakbari, Fatemeh (School of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Bojnord)
  • Received : 2018.01.30
  • Accepted : 2019.09.13
  • Published : 2020.01.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In this study, the behavior of external beam-column joints reinforced by plain and deformed bars with non-seismic reinforcement details is investigated and compared. The beam-column joints represented in this study include a benchmark specimen by seismic details in accordance with ACI 318M-11 requirements and four other deficient specimens. The main defects of the non-seismic beam-column joints included use of plain bar, absence of transverse steel hoops, and the anchorage condition of longitudinal reinforcements. The experimental results indicate that using of plain bars in non-seismic beam-column joints has significantly affected the failure modes. The main failure mode of the non-seismic beam-column joints reinforced by deformed bars was the accumulation of shear cracks in the joint region, while the failure mode of the non-seismic beam-column joints reinforced by plain bars was deep cracks at the joint face and intersection of beam and column and there was only miner diagonal shear cracking at the joint region. In the other way, use of plain bars for reinforcing concrete can cause the behavior of the substructure to be controlled by slip of the beam longitudinal bars. The experimental results show that the ductility of non-seismic beam-column joints reinforced by plain bars has not decreased compared to the beam-column joints reinforced by deformed bars due to lack of mechanical interlock between plain bars and concrete. Also it can be seen a little increase in ductility of substructure due to existence of hooks at the end of the development length of the bars.

Keywords

References

  1. ACI 374.1-05 (2005), Acceptance Criteria for Moment Frames based on Structural Testing and Commentary, Michigan, U.S.A.
  2. ACI Committee 318M-11 (2011), Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (aci 318m-11) and Commentary, American Concrete Institute; Farmington Hills, MI, U.S.A.
  3. Adibi, M., Marefat, M.S., Arani, K.K. and Zare, H. (2017a), "External retrofit of beam-column joints in old fashioned rc structures", Earthq. Struct., 12(2), 237-250. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2017.12.2.237.
  4. Adibi, M., Marefat, M.S., Esmaeily, A., Arani, K.K. and Esmaeily, A. (2017b), "Seismic retrofit of external concrete beam-column joints reinforced by plain bars using steel angles prestressed by cross ties", Eng. Struct. J., 148(1), 813-828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.07.014.
  5. Al-Salloum, Y.A., Almusallam, T.H., Alsayed, S.H. and Siddiqui, N.A. (2011), "Seismic behavior of as-built, ACI-complying, and CFRP-repaired exterior RC beam-column joints", J. Compos. Constr., 15(4), 522-534. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000186.
  6. ATC (1989), Handbook for Seismic Evaluation of Existing Buildings ATC-22, Applied Technology Council, California, U.S.A.
  7. Barker, J.A. (1979), Reinforced Concrete Detailing, Oxford University Press, London, U.K.
  8. Bedirhanoglu, I., Ilki, A. and Kumbasar, N. (2013). "Precast fiber reinforced cementitious composites for seismic retrofit of deficient rc joints-a pilot study", Eng. Struct., 52, 192-206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2013.02.020.
  9. Bedirhanoglu, I., Ilki, A., Pujol, S. and Kumbasar, N. (2010), "Behavior of deficient joints with plain bars and low-strength concrete", ACI Struct. J., 107(3), 300-310.
  10. Braga, F., Gigliotti, R. and Laterza, M. (2009), "R/C existing structures with smooth reinforcing bars: experimental behaviour of beam-column joints subject to cyclic lateral loads", Open Constr. Build. Tech. J., 3, 52-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836800903010052.
  11. Calvi, G.M., Magenes, G. and Pampanin, S. (2002), "Relevance of beam-column joint damage and collapse in RC frame assessment", J. Earthq. Eng., 6(1), 75-100. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363246902000693.
  12. De Risi, M.T., Ricci, P., Verderame, G.M. and Manfredi, G. (2016), "Experimental assessment of unreinforced exterior beam - column joints with deformed bars", Eng. Struct. J., 112(1), 215-232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.01.016.
  13. Del Vecchio, C., Di Ludovico, M., Balsamo, A., Prota, A., Manfredi, G., & Dolce, M. (2014), "Experimental investigation of exterior RC beam-column joints retrofitted with FRP systems", J. Compos. Constr., 18(4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000459.
  14. Dogangun, A. (2004), "Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the May 1, 2003 Bingol Earthquake in Turkey", Eng. Struct. J., 26(6), 841-856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2004.02.005.
  15. Duhman, C.W. (1953), The Theory and Practice of Reinforced Concrete, Mcgraw-Hill Book Company, New York City, U.S.A.
  16. Edvard, N.J. and Tanner, J.L. (1996), Theory and problems of Reinforced Concrete Design, Schaum Publishing Co., New York City, U.S.A.
  17. Engindeniz, M., Kahn, L.F. and Abdul-Hamid, Z. (2005), "Repair and strengthening of reinforced concrete beam-column joints: State of the art", ACI Struct. J., 102(2), 1.
  18. Fernandes, C., Melo, J., Varum, H. and Costa, A. (2013), "Cyclic behavior of substandard reinforced concrete beam-column joints with plain bars", ACI Struct. J., 110 (1).
  19. Ghobarah, A., Saatcioglu, M. and Nistor, I. (2006), "The impact of the 26 December 2004 earthquake and tsunami on structures and infrastructure", Eng. Struct. J., 28(2), 312-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.09.028.
  20. Gur, T., Pay, A., Ramirez, J.A., Sozen, M.A., Johnson, A.M., Irfanoglu, A. and Bobet, A. (2009), "Performance of school buildings in Turkey during the 1999 Duzce and the 2003 Bingol earthquakes", Earthq. Spectra. J., 25(2), 239-256. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3089367
  21. Hakuto, S. (1995), "Retrofitting of reinforced concrete moment resisting frames", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
  22. Hall, J.F., Holmes, W.T. and Somers, P. (1996), "Northridge earthquake of January 17, 1994: reconnaissance", Report Vol. 1, Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, California, U.S.A.
  23. Kam, W.Y., Pampanin, S. and Elwood, K. (2011), "Seismic performance of reinforced concrete buildings in the 22 February Christchurch (Lyttleton) earthquake", Bullt. NZ Soc. Earthq. Eng., 44(4). http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9006.
  24. Khan, M.I., Al-Osta, M.A., Ahmad, S. and Rahman, M.K. (2018), "Seismic behavior of beam-column joints strengthened with ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete", Compos. Struct. J., 200, 103-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.05.080.
  25. Liu, A. and Park, R. (2000), "Seismic behavior of existing moment-resisting frames with plain round reinforcing bars designed to pre-1970s codes", Proceeding of 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland, New Zealand, February.
  26. Liu, A. and Park, R. (2001), "Seismic behaviour and retrofit of pre 1970's as built exterior beam-column joint reinforced by plain bars", Bull. NZ. Soc. Earthq. Eng., 34(1), 68-81. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.34.1.68-8.
  27. Lowes, L. and Altoontash, A. (2003), "Modeling reinforced-concrete beam-column joints subjected to cyclic loading", J. Struct. Eng., 129(12), 1686-1697. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2003)129:12(1686).
  28. Masi, A., Santarsiero, G., Moroni, C., Nigro, D., Dolce, M., Russo, G. and Manfredi, G. (2008), "Behaviour and strengthening of RC beam-column joints", The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, October.
  29. Masi, A., Santarsiero, G., Verderame, G., Russo, G., Martinelli, E., Pauletta, M. and Cortesia, A. (2009), "Capacity models of beam-column joints: provisions of european and italian seismic codes and possible improvements", Conference, Reluis Italian National Research Project, Italy, April.
  30. Miller, D.K. (1998), "Lessons learned from the Northridge earthquake", Eng. Struct. J., 20(4-6), 249-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(97)00031-X.
  31. Mo, Y.L. and Chan, J. (1996), "Bond and slip of plain rebars in concrete", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 8(4), 208-211. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(1996)8:4(208).
  32. Moehle, J.P. and Mahin, S.A. (1991), "Observations on the behavior of reinforced concrete buildings during earthquakes, In: Ghosh SK, edito", ACI Publication SP-127, Earthquake-Resistant Concrete Structures, Inelastic Response and Design.
  33. Pampanin, S., Calvi, G.M. and Moratti, M. (2002), "Seismic behaviour of R.C. beam-column joints designed for gravity loads", Proceeding of 12th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, London, U.K, September.
  34. Park, R. (1989), "Evaluation of ductility of structures and structural assemblages from laboratory testing", Bull. NZ. Soc. Earthq. Eng., 22(3), 155-166. https://doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.22.3.155-166.
  35. Park, R. and Paulay, T. (1975), Reinforced Concrete Structures, John Wiley and Sons Company, New Jersey, U.S.A.
  36. Park, R., Billings, I.J., Clifton, G.C., Cousins, W.J., Filiatrault, A., Jennings, D.N., Jones, L.C.P., Perrin, N.D., Rooney, S.L., Sinclair, J., Spurr, D.D., Tanaka, H. and Walker, G. (1995), "The Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake (The Great Hanshin Earthquake) of 17 January 1995", Report of the NZNSEE Reconnaissance Team, Bull. NZ. Natl. Soc. Earthq. Eng., 28(1), 1-98.
  37. Paulay, T. and Priestley, M.J.N. (1992), Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, U.S.A.
  38. Pernot, P. (1954), Le Beton Arme, J. B. Balliere et Fils, Editeurs, Paris, France.
  39. Priestley, M.J.N. and MacRae, G.A(1996), "Seismic tests of precast beam-to-column joint subassemblages with unbonded tendons", PCI. J., 41(1), 64-81. https://doi.org/10.15554/pcij.01011996.64.81
  40. Priestley, M.J.N. and Park, R. (1987) "Strength and ductility of concrete bridge columns under seismic loading", ACI Struct. J., 84(1), 61-76.
  41. Russo, G. and Pauletta, M. (2012), "Seismic behavior of exterior beam-column connections with plain bars and effects of upgrade", ACI Struct. J., 109(2), 225-233.
  42. Sezen, H., Elwood, K.J., Whittaker, A.S., Mosalam, K.M., Wallace, J.W. and Stanton, J.F. (2000), "Structural engineering reconnaissance of the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli (Izmit), Turkey Earthquake", Technical Rep. No., PEER 2000, 9.
  43. Sezen, H., Whittaker, A.S., Elwood, K.J. and Mosalam, K.M. (2003), "Performance of reinforced concrete buildings during the August 17, 1999 Kocaeli, Turkey earthquake, and seismic design and construction practice in Turkey", Eng. Struct. J., 25(1), 103-114. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(02)00121-9.
  44. Shafaei, J., Zareian, M., Hosseini, A. and Marefat, M. (2014), "Effects of joint flexibility on lateral response of reinforced concrete frames", Eng. Struct. J., 81(15), 412-431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.09.046.
  45. Taylor, F.W., Thompson, S.E. and Smulski, E. (1925), Concrete Plain and Reinforcement, 4th Edition, John Wiley and Sons Company, New Jersey, U.S.A.
  46. Tsonos, A.G. and Stylianidis, K. (2002), "Seismic retrofit of beam-to-column joints with high-strenght fiber jackets", Eur. Earth. Eng., 16(2), 56-72.
  47. Uang, C.M., Elgamal, A., Li, W.S. and Chou, C.C. (1999), "Ji-Ji, Taiwan earthquake of September 21, 1999", A Brief Reconnaissance Report, San Diego, Department of Structural Engineering, University of California, U.S.A.
  48. Verderame, G.M., De Carlo, G., Ricci, P. and Fabbrocino, G. (2009), "Cyclic bond behaviour of plain bars. Part II: Analytical investigation", Constr. Build. Mater., 23(12), 3512-3522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.07.001
  49. Xing, G., Zhou, C., Wu, T. and Liu, B. (2015), "Experimental study on bond behavior between plain reinforcing bars and concrete", Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. J., 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/604280.
  50. Youssef, M. and Ghobarah, A. (2001), "Modelling of RC beam-column joints and structural walls", J. Earthq. Eng., 5(1), 93-111. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363246901000303.
  51. Zhao, B., Taucer, F. and Rossetto, T. (2009), "Field investigation on the performance of building structures during the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China", Eng. Struct. J., 31(8), 1707-1723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.02.039.