Journal of Information Processing Systems

Korea Information Processing Society (한국정보처리학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Quantum Communication Technology for Future ICT - Review

  • Singh, Sushil Kumar (Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology (SeoulTech)) ;
  • Azzaoui, Abir El (Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology (SeoulTech)) ;
  • Salim, Mikail Mohammed (Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology (SeoulTech)) ;
  • Park, Jong Hyuk (Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology (SeoulTech))
  • Received : 2020.10.20
  • Accepted : 2020.11.24
  • Published : 2020.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In the last few years, quantum communication technology and services have been developing in various advanced applications to secure the sharing of information from one device to another. It is a classical commercial medium, where several Internet of Things (IoT) devices are connected to information communication technology (ICT) and can communicate the information through quantum systems. Digital communications for future networks face various challenges, including data traffic, low latency, deployment of high-broadband, security, and privacy. Quantum communication, quantum sensors, quantum computing are the solutions to address these issues, as mentioned above. The secure transaction of data is the foremost essential needs for smart advanced applications in the future. In this paper, we proposed a quantum communication model system for future ICT and methodological flow. We show how to use blockchain in quantum computing and quantum cryptography to provide security and privacy in recent information sharing. We also discuss the latest global research trends for quantum communication technology in several countries, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Korea, and others. Finally, we discuss some open research challenges for quantum communication technology in various areas, including quantum internet and quantum computing.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (No. NRF-2019R1A2B5B01070416).

References

  1. N. Datta, "Course 9 - Quantum entropy and quantum information," Les Houches, vol. 83, pp. 395-466, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0924-8099(06)80046-6
  2. E. G. Rieffel and W. H. Polak, Quantum Computing: A Gentle Introduction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2011.
  3. Y. Manin, Computable and Uncomputable. Moscow, Russia: Sovetskoye Radio, 1980.
  4. R. P. Feynman, "Simulating physics with computers," International Journal of Theoretical Physics, vol. 21, pp. 467-488, 1982. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02650179
  5. B. Schumacher, "Quantum coding," Physical Review A, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 2738-2747, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1103/physreva.51.2738
  6. A. Einstein, B. Podolsky, and N. Rosen, "Can quantum-mechanical description of physical reality be considered complete?," Physical Review, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 777-780, 1935. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRev.47.777
  7. M. Pant, H. Krovi, D. Towsley, L. Tassiulas, L. Jiang, P. Basu, D. Englund, and S. Guha, "Routing entanglement in the quantum internet," npj Quantum Information, vol. 5, article no. 25, 2019.
  8. Quantum Flagship, "Quantum Repeater," 2020 [Online]. Available: https://qt.eu/discover-quantum/underlying-principles/quantum-repeaters/.
  9. B. Zhao, M. Muller, K. Hammerer, and P. Zoller, "Efficient quantum repeater based on deterministic Rydberg gates," Physical Review A, vol. 81, no. 5, article no. 052329, 2010.
  10. Z. Dou, G. Xu, X. B. Chen, J. Li, and M. Naseri, "Rational non-hierarchical quantum state sharing protocol," Computers, Materials & Continua, vol. 58, no. 2, pp. 335-347, 2019. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2019.04159
  11. Y. Sun, Y. Chen, H. Ahmad, and Z. Wei, "An asymmetric controlled bidirectional quantum state transmission protocol," Computers Materials & Continua, vol. 59, no. 1, pp. 215-227, 2019. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2019.05253
  12. Y. Chang, S. Zhang, L. Yani, G. Han, H. Song, Y. Zhang, X. Li, and Q. Wang, "A quantum authorization management protocol based on EPR-pairs," Computers Materials & Continua, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 1005-1014, 2019. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2019.06297
  13. W. Liu, Y. Xu, J. C. Yang, W. Yu, and L. Chi, "Privacy-preserving quantum two-party geometric intersection," Computers Materials & Continua, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 1237-1250, 2019. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2019.03551
  14. C. Li, G. Xu, Y. Chen, H. Ahmad, and J. Li, "A new anti-quantum proxy blind signature for blockchain-enabled Internet of Things," Computers Materials & Continua, vol. 61, no. 2, pp. 711-726, 2019. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2019.06279
  15. J. C. S. Sicato, S. K. Singh, S. Rathore, and J. H. Park, "A comprehensive analyses of intrusion detection system for IoT environment," Journal of Information Processing Systems, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 975-990, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3745/jips.03.0144
  16. A. El Azzaoui, S. K. Singh, Y. Pan, and J. H. Park, "Block5gintell: blockchain for AI-enabled 5G networks," IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 145918-145935, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.3014356
  17. Y. Lee, S. Rathore, J. H. Park, and J. H. Park, J"A blockchain-based smart home gateway architecture for preventing data forgery," Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences, vol. 10, article no. 9, 2020.
  18. K. Gafurov and T. M. Chung, "Comprehensive survey on Internet of Things, architecture, security aspects, applications, related technologies, economic perspective, and future directions," Journal of Information Processing Systems, vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 797-819, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3745/JIPS.03.0125
  19. V. Mohammadi, A. M. Rahmani, A. M. Darwesh, and A. Sahafi, "Trust-based recommendation systems in Internet of Things: a systematic literature review," Human-centric Computing and Information Sciences, vol. 9, article no. 21, 2019.
  20. Y. Kim, "Samsung Electronics and KT jump into Quantum Industries followed by SK Telecom," 2017 [Online]. Available: https://english.etnews.com/20170615200001.
  21. E. O. Kiktenko, N. O. Pozhar, M. N. Anufriev, A. S. Trushechkin, R. R. Yunusov, Y. V. Kurochkin, A. I. Lvovsky, and A. K. Fedorov, "Quantum-secured blockchain," Quantum Science and Technology, vol. 3, no. 3, article no. 035004, 2018.
  22. D. Malkhi, Concurrency: The Works of Leslie Lamport. San Rafael, CA: ACM, 2019.
  23. D. Aggarwal, G. K. Brennen, T. Lee, M. Santha, and M. Tomamichel, "Quantum attacks on Bitcoin, and how to protect against them," 2017 [Online]. https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.10377.
  24. S. King and S. Nadal, "PPCoin: peer-to-peer crypto-currency with proof-of-stake," 2012 [Online]. Available: https://decred.org/research/king2012.pdf
  25. J. H. Witte, "The Blockchain: a gentle four page introduction," 2016 [Online]. Available: https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.06244.
  26. D. McMahon, Quantum Computing Explained. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
  27. A. Montanaro, "Quantum algorithms: an overview," npj Quantum Information, vo. 2, no. 1, pp. 1-8, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1038/npjqi.2015.23
  28. W. Zeng, B. Johnson, R. Smith, N. Rubin, M. Reagor, C. Ryan, and C. Rigetti, "First quantum computers need smart software," Nature News, vol. 549, no. 7671, pp. 149-151, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1038/549149a
  29. D. Rajan and M. Visser, "Quantum Blockchain using entanglement in time," Quantum Reports, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 3-11, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum1010002
  30. A. E. Azzaoui and J. H. Park, "Post-quantum blockchain for a scalable smart city," Journal of Internet Technology, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 1171-1178, 2020.
  31. W. A. A. Torres, R. Steinfeld, A. Sakzad, J. K. Liu, V. Kuchta, N. Bhattacharjee, M. H. Au, and J. Cheng, "Post-quantum one-time linkable ring signature and application to ring confidential transactions in blockchain (Lattice RingCT v1.0)," in Information Security and Privacy. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2018, pp. 558-576.
  32. Y. L. Gao, X. B. Chen, Y. L. Chen, Y. Sun, X. X. Niu, and Y. X. Yang, "A secure cryptocurrency scheme based on post-quantum blockchain," IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 27205-27213, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2827203
  33. National Science and Technology Council, "National strategic overview for quantum information science," 2018 [Online]. Available: https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/National-Strategic-Overview-for-Quantum-Information-Science.pdf.
  34. B. Sussman, P. Corkum, A. Blais, D. Cory, and A. Damascelli, "Quantum Canada," Quantum Science and Technology, vol. 4, no. 2, article no. 020503, 2019.
  35. Inside Quantum Technology, "Germany's billions in funding for quantum computing reflects its push for technological sovereignty & European self-reliance," 2020 [Online]. Available: https://www.insidequantumtechnology.com/news/germanys-billions-in-funding-for-quantum-computing-reflects-its-push-for-technological-sovereignty-european-self-reliance/.
  36. J. Eitner, "IBM and Fraunhofer bring quantum computing to Germany," 2020 [Online]. Available: https://www.fraunhofer.de/en/press/research-news/2020/march/ibm-and-fraunhofer-bring-quantum-computin-to-germany.html.
  37. National Quantum Computing Centre [Online]. Available: https://www.ukri.org/about-us/nqcc/.
  38. National Cyber Security Center, "Quantum-safe cryptography," 2016 [Online]. Available: https://www.ncsc.gov.uk/whitepaper/quantum-safe-cryptography.
  39. J. Whalen, "The quantum revolution is coming, and Chinese scientists are at the forefront," 2019 [Online]. Available: https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/08/18/quantum-revolution-is-coming-chinese-scientists-are-forefront/.
  40. Q. Zhang, F. Xu, L. Li, N. L. Liu, and J. W. Pan, "Quantum information research in China," Quantum Science and Technology, vol. 4, no. 4, article no. 040503, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1088/2058-9565/ab455d
  41. H. Siljak, "China's quantum satellite enables first totally secure long-range messages," 2020 [Online]. Available: https://theconversation.com/chinas-quantum-satellite-enables-first-totally-secure-long-rangemessages-140803.
  42. Y. Yamamoto, M. Sasaki, and H. Takesue, "Quantum information science and technology in Japan," Quantum Science and Technology, vol. 4, no. 2, article no. 020502, 2019.
  43. Korea-EU Research Centre, "Korea starts five-year development program for quantum computing technology," 2019 [Online]. Available: https://k-erc.eu/korea-rd-research-trends-and-results/korea-starts-five-year-development-program-for-quantum-computing-technology/.
  44. A. S. Cacciapuoti, M. Caleffi, F. Tafuri, F. S. Cataliotti, S. Gherardini, and G. Bianchi, "Quantum internet: networking challenges in distributed quantum computing," IEEE Network, vol. 34, no. 1, pp. 137-143, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1109/mnet.001.1900092
  45. S. Wehner, D. Elkouss, and R. Hanson, "Quantum internet: a vision for the road ahead," Science, vol. 362, no. 6412, 2018. http://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam9288
  46. W. J. Munro, K. Azuma, K. Tamaki, and K. Nemoto, "Inside quantum repeaters," IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 78-90, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTQE.2015.2392076
  47. J. Borregaard, H. Pichler, T. Schroder, M. D. Lukin, P. Lodahl, and A. S. Sorensen, "One-way quantum repeater based on near-deterministic photon-emitter interfaces," Physical Review X, vol. 10, no. 2, article no. 021071, 2020.
  48. S. K. Singh and N. Rastogi, "Role of cyber cell to handle cyber crime within the public and private sector: an Indian case study," in Proceedings of 2018 3rd International Conference on Internet of Things: Smart Innovation and Usages (IoT-SIU), Bhimtal, India, 2018, pp. 1-6.
  49. S. K. Singh, Y. S. Jeong, and J. H. Park, "A deep learning-based IoT-oriented infrastructure for secure smart city," Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 60, article no. 102252, 2020.
  50. S. K. Singh, S. Rathore, and J. H. Park, "Blockiotintelligence: a blockchain-enabled intelligent IoT architecture with artificial intelligence," Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 110, pp. 721-743, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2019.09.002