DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Stage by stage design for primary, conventional activated sludge, SBR and MBBR units for residential wastewater treatment and reusing

  • Aziz, Shuokr Qarani (Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Salahaddin University-Erbil) ;
  • Omar, Imad Ali (Ministry of Municipality and Tourism, General Directorate of Water and Sewerage) ;
  • Bashir, Mohammed J.K. (Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Green Technology, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman) ;
  • Mojiri, Amin (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University)
  • 투고 : 2020.08.28
  • 심사 : 2020.10.28
  • 발행 : 2020.12.25

초록

To date, there is no central wastewater (WW) treatment plant in Erbil city, Kurdistan region, Iraq. Therefore, raw WW disposes to the environment and sometimes it used directly for irrigation in some areas of Erbil city. Disposal of the untreated WW to the natural environment and using for irrigation it causes problems for the people and the environment. The aims of the current work were to study the characteristics, design of primary and different secondary treatment units and reusing of produced WW. Raw WW samples from Ashty city-Erbil city were collected and analyzed for twenty three quality parameters such as Total Suspended Solids (TSS), total dissolved solids, total volatile and non-volatile solids, total acidity, total alkalinity, total hardness, five-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), biodegradability ratio (BOD5/COD), turbidity, etc. Results revealed that some parameters such as BOD5 and TSS were exceeded the standards for disposal of WW. Design and calculations for primary and secondary treatment (biological treatment) processes were presented. Primary treatment units such as screening, grit chamber, and flow equalization tank were designed and detailed calculation were illustrated. While, Conventional Activated Sludge (CAS), Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) and Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBR) were applied for the biological treatment of WW. Results revealed that MBBR was the best and economic technique for the biological treatment of WW. Treated WW is suitable for reusing and there is no restriction on use for irrigation of green areas inside Ashty city campus.

키워드

과제정보

The authors thank the staff of the Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Salahaddin University-Erbil for their help and support the work.

참고문헌

  1. Alagha, O., Allazem, A., Bukhari, A.A., Anil, I. and Mu'azu, N.D. (2020), "Suitability of SBR for wastewater treatment and reuse: Pilot-scale reactor operated in different anoxic conditions", Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17(5), 1617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051617.
  2. APHA (2005), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association, Washington, U.S.A.
  3. Aziz, S.Q. (2020), "Variation of Erbil municipal wastewater characteristics throughout 26 years (1994-2020) with possible treatments and reusing: A review", Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Recent Innovations in Engineering (ICRIE 2020), Duhok City, Kurdistan, Iraq, September.
  4. Aziz, S.Q. and Fakhrey, E.S. (2016), "The effect of Kawergosk oil refinery wastewater on surrounding water resources", ZANCO J. Pure Appl. Sci., 28(2), 656-667.
  5. Aziz, S.Q., Aziz, H.A. and Yusoff, M.S. (2011), "Powdered activated carbon augmented double react-settle sequencing batch reactor process for treatment of landfill leachate", Desalination, 277(1-3), 313-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2011.04.046.
  6. Aziz, S.Q., Aziz, H.A., Mojiri, A., Bashir, M.J. and Abu Amr, S. (2013), "Landfill leachate treatment using sequencing batch reactor (SBR) process: Limitation of operational parameters and performance", Int. J. Sci. Res. Knowl., 1(3), 34-43.
  7. Aziz, S.Q., Saleh, S.M. and Omar, I.A. (2019), "Essential treatment processes for industrial wastewaters and reusing for orrigation", ZANCO J. Pure Appl. Sci., 31(3), 269-275.
  8. Balku, S. (2007), "Comparison between alternating aerobic-anoxic and conventional activated sludge systems", Water Res., 41(10), 2220-2228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.01.046.
  9. Bengtson, P.E.H.H. (2010), MBBR Wastewater Treatment Process, SunCam, Florida, U.S.A.
  10. Burghate, S. and Ingole, N. (2013), "Fluidized bed biofilm reactor - a novel WW treatment reactor", Int. J. Res. Environ. Sci. Technol., 3(4), 145-155.
  11. DHWA (2002), Draft Guidelines for the Reuse of Gray in Western Australia, Department of Health, Government of Western Australia, Australia.
  12. Dixon, A.M., Butler, D. and Fewkes, A. (1999), "Guidelines for greywater re-use: Health issues", Water Environ. J., 13, 322-326. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01056.x.
  13. Dutta, A. and Sarkar, S. (2015), "Sequencing batch reactor for wastewater treatment: Recent advances", Curr. Pollut. Rep., 1, 177-190. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-015-0016-y.
  14. Fontenot, Q., Bonvillain, C., Kilgen, M. and Boopathy, R. (2007), "Effects of temperature, salinity, and carbon: Nitrogen ratio on sequencing batch reactor treating shimp aquaculture wastewater", Bioresour. Technol., 98, 1700-1703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2006.07.031.
  15. Gikas, G.D. and Tsihrintzis, V.A. (2014), "Municipal wastewater treatment using constructed wetlands", Water Util. J., 8, 57-65.
  16. Gilhawley, F. (2008), "Factors governing nitrification in an activated sludge system treating a pharmaceutical wastewater", Ph.D. Dissertation, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
  17. JSWA (2013), "Study on design method of conventional activated sludge process (research of FY 2013)", R&D Annual Report 2013, Japan Sewage Works Agency, Tokyo, Japan.
  18. Kawan, J.A., Hasan, H.A., Suja, F., Jaafar, O.B. and Abd-Rahman, R. (2016), "A review on sewage treatment and polishing using moving bed bioreactor (MBBR)", J. Eng. Sci. Technol., 11, 1098-1120.
  19. Kermani, M., Bina, B., Movahedian, H., Amin, M. and Nikaein, M. (2008), "Application of moving bed biofilm process for biological organics and nutrients removal from municipal wastewater", Am. J. Environ. Sci., 4, 675. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajessp.2008.675.682
  20. Khan, N.A., Ahmed, S., Hussain, A., Changani, F. and Hussain, K. (2019), "Review on SBR (sequencing batch reactor) treatments technology of industrial wastewater", Water Pollut. Health, 16, 154-161.
  21. Lackner, S. and Horn, A.H. (2013), "Comparing the performance and operation stability of an SBR and MBBR for single-stage nitritation-anammox treating wastewater with high organic load", Environ. Technol., 34, 1319-1328. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2012.746735.
  22. Lindstrom, C. (2000), Graywater: Facts about Graywater-What it is, How to Treat it, When and Where to Use it, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. www.graywater.com.
  23. Metcalf and Eddy Inc. (2014), Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse, Fifth Edition, McGraw Hill, California, U.S.A.
  24. Mojiri, A., Aziz, H.A., Zaman, N.Q., Aziz, S.Q. and Zahed, M.A. (2014), "Powdered ZELIAC augmented sequencing batch reactors (SBR) process for co-treatment of landfill leachate and domestic wastewater", J. Environ. Manag., 139, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.02.017.
  25. Ntengwe, F. (2006), "Pollutant loads and water quality in streams of heavily populated and industrialised towns", Phys. Chem. Earth, 31(15-16), 832-839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2006.08.025.
  26. Paranychianakis, N.V., Salgot, M. and Angelakis, A.N. (2011), Irrigation with Recycled Water: Guidelines and Regulations, Blackwell, West Sussex, U.K.
  27. Po, M., Nancarrow, B.E. and Kaercher, J.D. (2003), "Literature review of factors influencing public perceptions of water reuse", Technical Report 54/03, CSIRO Land and Water, Australia.
  28. Qasim, S.R. (2017), Wastewater Treatment Plants: Planning, Design and Operation, Routledge, Florida, U.S.A.
  29. Qteishat, O., Myszograj, S. and Suchowska-Kisielewicz, M. (2011), "Changes of wastewater characteristic during transport in sewers", WSEAS Trans. Environ. Dev., 7(11), 349-358.
  30. Raji, S., Olaleye, K., Adebisi, M. and Nwadike, D. (2017), "Computer aided design of conventional activated sludge treatment plant", Int. J. Sci. Technol. Res., 6(7), 162-165.
  31. Shahot, K., Idris, A., Omar, R. and Yusoff, H.M. (2014), "Review on biofilm processes for wastewater treatment", Life Sci. J., 11(11), 1-13.
  32. Showkat, U. and Najar, I.A. (2019), "Study on the efficiency of sequential batch reactor (SBR)-based sewage treatment plant", Appl. Water Sci., 9(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0882-8.
  33. Standards, I.E. (2011), "Iraqi Environmental Standards 2011", Contract No. W3QR-50-M074, Rev. No. 03Oct. Morning Star for General Services, LLC Iraq, West Qurna I Project, Exhibit Eight, Iraq.
  34. Tandukar, M., Ohashi, A. and Harada, H. (2007), "Performance comparison of a pilot-scale UASB and DHS system and activated sludge process for the treatment of municipal wastewater", Water Res., 41(12), 2697-2705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2007.02.027.
  35. Tchobanoglous, G., Burten, F.L. and Stensel, H.D. (2003), Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill, Denver, Colorado, U.S.A.
  36. Thakur, S.A. and Khedikar, I.P. (2015), "Performance evaluation of moving bed bio-film reactor (MBBR) for treatment of domestic wastewater", Int. J. Sci. Res., 6(4), 973-976.
  37. Wei, Y., Jin, Y. and Zhang, W. (2020), "Treatment of high-concentration wastewater from an oil and gas field via a paired sequencing batch and ceramic membrane reactor", Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17, 1953. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17061953.
  38. Wilen, B.M., Keiding, K. and Nielsen, P.H. (2000), "Anaerobic deflocculation and aerobic reflocculation of activated sludge", Water Res., 34(16), 3933-3942. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00274-8.
  39. Yang, X., Lopez-Grimau, V., Vilaseca, M. and Crespi, M. (2020), "Treatment of textile wastewater by CAS, MBR and MBBR: A comparative study from technical, economic and environmental perspectives", Water, 12, 1306. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12051306.