Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety (한국식품위생안전성학회지)

The Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety (한국식품위생안전성학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Estimation of Multi-Route Exposure and Aggregated Risk Assessment for Cadmium and Lead

카드뮴과 납의 다경로 노출량 추정 및 통합 위해성 평가

  • Yu, Changwoo (Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University) ;
  • Kwon, Hoonjeong (Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University)
  • Received : 2019.12.23
  • Accepted : 2020.11.23
  • Published : 2020.12.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Exposure to hazardous substances occurs through multiple pathways. Aggregated risk assessment, which includes all potential exposure pathways to a single toxicant, is necessary to prevent exposure to harmful substances. We aimed to estimate cadmium and lead exposure through various media, such as food, water, air, smoking, cosmetics, and female hygiene products. This study covered 10,733 subjects from the Seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey(2016, 2017). Dietary exposure was estimated using 24-hour recall data. For water and inhalational exposure, regional variations were considered. Water was classified as tap, bottled, and public water. Inhalational exposure was estimated using the '2014 Time Use Survey' based on daily lifestyle and social status. The frequency and volume of cosmetic usage were randomly approximated by sex and age. Post-menarcheal and premenopausal women were assumed to use feminine hygiene products. Non-carcinogenic aggregated risks were estimated using the Aggregate Risk Index from EPAs and the Total Exposure Hazard Index from Korean government guidelines. For carcinogenic risk assessment, excessive cancer risk was estimated. Ingestion, especially food, was the major route for both cadmium and lead exposure. Smoking was also associated with high cadmium exposure. Exposure to lead from cosmetics was remarkable but not critical. In aggregate risk assessments, median cadmium and lead exposure did not exceed the reference value. Sex, age, smoking status, and income affected exposure levels, unlike to regional variations.

국내외적으로 유해물질의 통합 노출에 대한 관심은 높아지고 있다. 이러한 흐름에 따라 다양한 경로를 통해 노출될 수 있는 중금속에 대한 통합 노출 연구가 필요하다. 카드뮴과 납은 각각 신장 독성과 인지 장애 등 다양한 독성을 나타낼 수 있으며 또한 발암 물질로 알려져있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 카드뮴과 납의 노출량 추정 및 통합 위해성 평가를 진행하였다. 2016, 2017년의 7기 국민건강영양조사에 참여한 10,733명의 식품, 물, 흡연과 간접흡연, 호흡, 화장품, 여성용 위생용품을 통한 중금속 노출 추정량을 계산하였다. 결과적으로 카드뮴과 납 모두 식품을 통한 노출이 제일 높게 나타났다. 이외에도 흡연은 카드뮴의 주요한 노출원이었으며, 납은 화장품을 통해 높은 농도로 노출되었다. 통합 위해평가에서도 식품이 가장 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 지역적 특성의 차이는 노출 추정량의 차이를 보이지 못하였으나, 연령 별, 성별 간 노출 추정량은 큰 차이를 보였다. 특히, 월경 중인 성인 여성의 경우 카드뮴, 월경 중이지 않은 여성은 납의 노출 추정량이 더 높으며 신체 대사를 고려하였을 때, 그 위험성이 더 클 수 있음을 암시하였다. 결론적으로 노출량 추정 및 통합 위해평가 모두 식품이 주요 노출원이었다. 다만, 잠재적 위험을 방지하기 위해 다른 경로에 대한 노출량 추정 및 위해평가가 요구된다.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

본 연구는 2018년도 식품의약품안전처의 연구개발비(18182MFDS511)로 수행되었으며 이에 감사드립니다.

References

  1. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2012. Toxicological profile for Cadmium. US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, USA.
  2. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, 2019. Toxicological profille for Lead. US Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, GA, USA.
  3. World Health Organization, 2011. Cadmium in drinking water. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  4. World Health Organization, 2011. Lead in drinking water. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  5. Internation Agency for Research On Cancer, 2012. IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 100E : Personal Habits and Indoor Combustions. Internation Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, pp. 43-211.
  6. Sprinkle, R.V., Leaded eye cosmetics: a cultural cause of elevated lead levels in children. J. Fam. Practice, 40(4), 358-362 (1995).
  7. Internation Agency for Research On Cancer, 2012. IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 100C : Arsenic, Metals, Fibres, and Dusts. Internation Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, pp. 121-145.
  8. Internation Agency for Research On Cancer, 2006. IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans Volume 87 : Inorganic and Organic Lead Compounds. Internation Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, pp. 39-468.
  9. Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 2011. Safety evaluation of certain food additives and contaminants : lead. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, pp. 381-497.
  10. Clayton, C.A., Pellizzari, E.D., Whitmore, R.W., Perritt, R.L., Quackenboss, J.J., National human exposure assessment survey (NHEXAS); distributions and associations of lead, arsenic, and volatile organic compounds in EPA region 5. J. Expo. Sci. Env. Epid., 9(5), 381-392 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500055
  11. Eleonora, W., Dawn, I., Rafal, K., Jerzy, S., Human health risk assessment case study; an abandoned metal smelter site in Poland. Chemosphere, 47(5), 507-515 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00301-0
  12. Jeong, J.Y., Jung, Y.K., Hwang, M.S., Jung, K.K., Yoon, H.J., Prioritizing management ranking for hazardous chemicals reflecting aggregate exposure. J. Food Hyg. Saf., 27(4), 349-355 (2012). https://doi.org/10.13103/JFHS.2012.27.4.349
  13. Kwon, H.J., 2012. A study on the integrated exposure to hazardous materials for safety control. National institute of food and drug safety evaluation, Cheongju, Korea.
  14. Oh, E.H., Lee, E.I., Lim, H.S., Jang, J.Y., Human multi-route exposure assessment of lead and cadmium for korean volunteers. J. Peve. Med. Public Health, 39(1), 53-58 (2006).
  15. Park, K.S., Yang, J.Y., Lee, G.H., Kim, K.S., Yang, J.S., 2016. Study of heavy metals in food safety control. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Korea.
  16. Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016-17. The seventh Korea national health and nutrition examination survey. Cheongju, Korea.
  17. Lin, Y.S., Caffrey, J.L., Chang, M.H., Dowling, N., Lin, J.W., Cigarette smoking, cadmium exposure, and zinc intake on obstructive lung disorder. Respir Res., 11(1), 53 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-11-53
  18. Global Environment Monitoring System/Food-Euro, 1995. Reliable Evaluation of Low-Level Contamination of Food. Global Environment Monitoring System/Food-EURO, Kulmbach, Germany.
  19. Ministry of Environment, 2019. Drinking water management Act. (No. 16079), Sejong, Korea.
  20. Asan Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Asan customer confidence report. Asan water and waterwater establishment, Asan, Korea.
  21. Busan Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Busan customer confidence report. Busan water and waterwater establishment, Busan, Korea.
  22. Changwon Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Changwon customer confidence report. Changwon water and waterwater establishment, Changwon, Korea.
  23. Cheonan Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Cheonan customer confidence report. Cheonan water and waterwater establishment, Cheonan, Korea.
  24. Cheongju Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Cheongju customer confidence report. Cheongju water and waterwater establishment, Cheongju, Korea.
  25. Chuncheon Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Chuncheon customer confidence report. Chuncheon water and waterwater establishment, Chuncheon, Korea.
  26. Chungju Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Chungju customer confidence report. Chungju water and waterwater establishment, Chungju, Korea.
  27. Daegu Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Daegu customer confidence report. Daegu water and waterwater establishment, Daegu, Korea.
  28. Daejeon Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Daejeon customer confidence report. Daejeon water and waterwater establishment, Daejeon, Korea.
  29. Gimhae Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Gimhae customer confidence report. Gimhae water and waterwater establishment, Gimhae, Korea.
  30. Gumi Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Gumi customer confidence report. Gumi water and waterwater establishment, Gumi, Korea.
  31. Gwangju Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Gwangju customer confidence report. Gwangju water and waterwater establishment, Gwangju, Korea.
  32. Iksan Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Iksan customer confidence report. Iksan water and waterwater establishment, Iksan, Korea.
  33. Incheon Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Incheon customer confidence report. Incheon water and waterwater establishment, Incheon, Korea.
  34. Jeju Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Jeju customer confidence report. Jeju water and waterwater establishment, Jeju, Korea.
  35. Jeonju Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Jeonju customer confidence report. Jeonju water and waterwater establishment, Jeonju, Korea.
  36. Pohang Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Pohang customer confidence report. Pohang water and waterwater establishment, Pohang, Korea.
  37. Sejong Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Sejong customer confidence report. Sejong water and waterwater establishment, Sejong, Korea.
  38. Seoul Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Seoul customer confidence report. Seoul water and waterwater establishment, Seoul, Korea.
  39. Suncheon Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Suncheon customer confidence report. Suncheon water and waterwater establishment, Suncheon, Korea.
  40. Suwon Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Suwon customer confidence report. Suwon water and waterwater establishment, Suwon, Korea.
  41. Wonju Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Wonju customer confidence report. Wonju water and waterwater establishment, Wonju, Korea.
  42. Yeosu Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Yeosu customer confidence report. Yeosu water and waterwater establishment, Yeosu, Korea.
  43. Yongin Water and Waterwater Establishment, 2017-18. Yongin customer confidence report. Yongin water and waterwater establishment, Yongin, Korea.
  44. National environment science institute, (2019, May 22). Mineral water quality examination results. Retrieved from: https://www.data.go.kr/dataset/15034521/fileData.do
  45. National environment science institute, 2017. Underground water quality evaluation report in 2016. Minitstry of Environment, Sejong, Korea.
  46. National environment science institute, 2018. Underground water quality evaluation report in 2017. Minitstry of Envi-ronment, Sejong, Korea.
  47. National environment science institute, (2019, March 18). Soil groundwater information system. Retrieved from: http://sgis.nier.go.kr.
  48. Ministry Of Environment, 2017. Annual Report of Air Quality in Korea : 2016. Ministry of Environment, Sejong, Korea.
  49. Ministry Of Environment, 2018. Annual Report of Air Quality in Korea : 2017. Ministry of Environment, Sejong, Korea.
  50. Ha, E.H., 2011. Environmental exposures and health effects in mother and infant population (I). National institute of environmental research, Incheon, Korea.
  51. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, (2017, April 11). Hazardous materials contents of cigarettes and E-cigarettes. Retrieved from: https://nifds.go.kr/brd/m_21/view.do?seq=10798&srchFr=&srch To=&srchWord=&srchTp=&itm_seq_1=0&itm_seq_2=0&multi_itm_seq=0&company_cd=&company_nm=&page=31.
  52. National institute of food and drug safety evaluation, 2018. Method for analyzing tobacco mainstream. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Korea, pp. 62-77.
  53. Lee, B.M., Shin, H.S., 2013. Study of analysis methods establishment on harmful constituents from sidestream smoke. National institute of food and drug safety evaluation, Cheongju, Korea.
  54. Son, K.H., Min, C.S., Lee, R.D., Choi, Y.K., Kim, S.S., Han, K.M., Kim, H.J., Park, S.M., Choi, J.Y., Yang, J.Y., Jeong, J.Y., Lee, S.Y., Baek, E.J., Kang, S.J., Ha, S.J., 2018. Studies of safety management and risk assessment in cosmetics. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Korea.
  55. National institute of food and drug safety evaluation, 2017. Cosmetics risk assessment guideline. National institute of food and drug safety evaluation, Cheongju, Korea.
  56. Jeoung, H.S., Kyu, K.L., Chung, M.H., Determination of Heavy Metals in Sanitary Products of Women. J. Korean Soc. Cloth Text, 33(6), 853-859 (2009). https://doi.org/10.5850/JKSCT.2009.33.6.853
  57. Water journal, (2019, September 27). Drinking water survey in 2017. Retrieved from: http://www.waterjournal.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=39656.
  58. Statistics Korea, (2019, January 17). Time use survey in 2014. Retrieved from: http://meta.narastat.kr/metasvc/svc/SvcMetaDcDtaPopup.do?orgId=101&confmNo=101052&kosisYn=Y.
  59. Antje, B., Rudolf, S., Juergen, D., Christoph, K., Gabriele, B., Mandy, K., Hermann, F., Dennis, N., High concentrations of cadmium, cerium and lanthanum in indoor air due to environmental tobacco smoke. Sci. Total Environ., 414, 738-741 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.11.017
  60. Park, K.H., Distribution of mainstream smoke and sidestream smoke in tobacco. Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science, 12(2), 103-118 (1990).
  61. Dankook University, 2014. Globalization of risk asessment of cosmetics. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju, Korea.
  62. Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety, 2018. The SCCS notes of guidance for the testing of cosmetic ingredients and their safety evaluation. European Commission, Luxemburg, pp. 20-22.
  63. Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, (2017, May 24). Survey and safety information for female hygiene products. Retrieved from: http://www.nifds.go.kr/brd/m_21/view.do?seq=11007&srchFr=&srchTo=&srchWord=&srchTp=&itm_seq_1=0&itm_seq_2=0&multi_itm_seq=0&company_cd=&company_nm=&page=10
  64. Kim, M.Y., Baek, S.H., Park, H.J., Jeong, H.K., Hong, C.M., Pyo, J.S., Cheon, H.I., Noh, B.R., Lee, J.Y., Nam, H.W., Moon, S.W., Park, S.E., Oh, J.H., Jeong, A.R., Bae, O.N., Shin, Y.J., 2018. Study on the management of component materials in and quality control of sanitary products. National institute of food and drug safety evaluation, Cheongju, Korea.
  65. Environmental Protection Agency, 2001. General principles for performing aggregate exposure and risk assessments. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C., USA.
  66. National institute of food and drug safety evaluation, 2019. Guideline for risk assessment of human adaptable products, Cheongju, Korea.
  67. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2008. Technical supporting document for noncancer RELs, Appendix D3 : Chronic RELs and toxicity summaries using the previous version of the Hot Spots Risk Assessment guidelines. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Sacramento, CA, USA, pp. 59-65.
  68. European Chemicals Bureau, 2008. Cadmium metal and cadmium oxide. European Commission, Ispra, Italy, pp. 30.
  69. International Council on Mining & Metals, (2019, January 14). Factsheet 01 : Assessment of occupational dermal exposure and dermal absorption for metals and inorganic metal compounds. Retrieved from: https://www.icmm.com/website/publications/pdfs/chemicals-management/herag/heragfs1-2007.pdf
  70. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008. National Ambient Air Quality Standards for lead: Final Rule. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D.C., USA.
  71. Efsa Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain, Scientific Opinion on Lead in Food. EFSA Journal, 8(4), 1570 (2010).
  72. Kennedy, M.C., Glass, C.R., Bokkers, B., Hart, A.D.M., Hamey, P.Y., Kruisselbrink, J.W.,Boer, W.J., Voet, H., Garthwaite, D.G., Klaveren, J.D., A European model and case studies for aggregate exposure assessment of pesticides. Food Chem. Toxicol., 79, 32-44 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2014.09.009
  73. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, 2011. Technical support document for cancer potency factors, Appendix B : Chemical-specific summaries of the information used to derive unit risk and cancer potency values. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Sacramento, CA, USA, pp. 368-375.
  74. National institute of food and drug safety evaluation, 2016. Risk assessment of cadmium, Cheongju, Korea.
  75. National institute of food and drug safety evaluation, 2016. Risk assessment of lead, Cheongju, Korea.
  76. Oh, E.H., Lee, E.I, Lim, H.S., Jang, J.Y., Human Multi-route exposure assessment of Lead and Cadmium for Korean volunteers. J. Prev Med Public Health, 39(1), 53-58 (2006).
  77. Kwon, H.J., 2010. Korean Environmental Health Survey for Children. National institute of environmental research, Incheon, Korea.
  78. Joe, A.R., Associations between dietary intake and environmental pollutants levels in Korean women of reproductive age. Master thesis, Ehwa womans university graduate school, Seoul, Korea (2016).
  79. Park, M.K., Son, B.S., Risk assessment for hazardous compounds obtained from indoor air of respiratory patients' houses. Master thesis, Soonchunhyang university graduate school, Asan, Korea (2017).
  80. Kim, B., Evaluation for exposure of heavy metal from diet in children and adolescence. Master thesis, Kangwon National University graduate school, Chuncheon, Korea (2014).
  81. International Programme on Chemical Safety, 2009. Assessment of combined exposures to multiple chemicals: Report of a WHO/IPCS International Workshop. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.
  82. Kwon, H.J., 2012. A study on the integrated exposure to hazardous materials for safety control. National institute of food and drug safety evaluation, Cheongju, Korea.
  83. Jeong, G.G., 2012. Integrated risk assessment for management of hazardous chemical in food and drug. National institute of food and drug safety evaluation, Cheongju, Korea.
  84. Kim, J.Y., Shin, M.S., Kim, S.H., Seo, J.H., Ma, H.S., Yang, Y.J., Association of iron status and food intake with blood heavy metal concentrations in Korean adolescent girls and women: Based on the 2010-2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J. Nutr. Health, 50(4), 350-360 (2017). https://doi.org/10.4163/jnh.2017.50.4.350
  85. Olsson, I.M., Bensryd, I., Lundh, T., Ottosson, H., Skerfving, S., Oskarsson, A., Cadmium in blood and urine-impact of sex, age, dietary intake, iron status, and former smokingassociation of renal effects. Environ. Health Perspect, 110(12), 1185-1190 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.021101185
  86. Won, S.Y., The change of blood lead levels in menopausal women and its association with relevant factors. Doctor thesis, Soonchunhyang university graduate school, Asan, Korea (2013).
  87. Hoffmann, K., Becker, K., Friedrich, C., Helm, D., Krause, C., Seifert, B., The german environmental survey 1990/1992 (GerES II); cadmium in blood, urine and hair of adults and children. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 10, 126-135 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500081