Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons

  • 제45권5호
  • /
  • Pages.233-240
  • /
  • 2019
  • /
  • 2234-7550(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2234-5930(eISSN)
대한구강악안면외과학회 (The Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Management and prevention of third molar surgery-related trigeminal nerve injury: time for a rethink

  • Leung, Yiu Yan (Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong)
  • 투고 : 2019.09.16
  • 심사 : 2019.09.19
  • 발행 : 2019.10.31
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Trigeminal nerve injury as a consequence of lower third molar surgery is a notorious complication and may affect the patient in long term. Inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) and lingual nerve (LN) injury result in different degree of neurosensory deficit and also other neurological symptoms. The long term effects may include persistent sensory loss, chronic pain and depression. It is crucial to understand the pathophysiology of the nerve injury from lower third molar surgery. Surgery remains the most promising treatment in moderate-to-severe nerve injuries. There are limitations in the current treatment methods and full recovery is not commonly achievable. It is better to prevent nerve injury than to treat with unpredictable results. Coronectomy has been proved to be effective in reducing IAN injury and carries minimal long-term morbidity. New technologies, like the roles of erythropoietin and stem cell therapy, are being investigated for neuroprotection and neural regeneration. Breakthroughs in basic and translational research are required to improve the clinical outcomes of the current treatment modalities of third molar surgery-related nerve injury.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Haug RH, Abdul-Majid J, Blakey GH, White RP. Evidenced-based decision making: the third molar. Dent Clin North Am 2009;53:77-96, ix. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cden.2008.09.004
  2. Suter VGA, Rivola M, Schriber M, Leung YY, Bornstein MM. Risk factors for root resorption of second molars associated with impacted mandibular third molars. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019;48:801-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2018.11.005
  3. Bataineh AB. Sensory nerve impairment following mandibular third molar surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001;59:1012-7; discussion 1017. https://doi.org/10.1053/joms.2001.25827
  4. Cheung LK, Leung YY, Chow LK, Wong MC, Chan EK, Fok YH. Incidence of neurosensory deficits and recovery after lower third molar surgery: a prospective clinical study of 4338 cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2010;39:320-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2009.11.010
  5. Lee CT, Zhang S, Leung YY, Li SK, Tsang CC, Chu CH. Patients' satisfaction and prevalence of complications on surgical extraction of third molar. Patient Prefer Adherence 2015;9:257-63. https://doi.org/10.2147/PPA.S76236
  6. Leung YY, Cheung LK. Risk factors of neurosensory deficits in lower third molar surgery: a literature review of prospective studies. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;40:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2010.09.005
  7. Kim JW, Cha IH, Kim SJ, Kim MR. Which risk factors are associated with neurosensory deficits of inferior alveolar nerve after mandibular third molar extraction? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012;70:2508-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2012.06.004
  8. Leung YY, Cheung LK. Correlation of radiographic signs, inferior dental nerve exposure, and deficit in third molar surgery. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;69:1873-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2010.11.017
  9. Ghai S, Choudhury S. Role of panoramic imaging and cone beam CT for assessment of inferior alveolar nerve exposure and subsequent paresthesia following removal of impacted mandibular third molar. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2018;17:242-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12663-017-1026-7
  10. Pichler JW, Beirne OR. Lingual flap retraction and prevention of lingual nerve damage associated with third molar surgery: a systematic review of the literature. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2001;91:395-401. https://doi.org/10.1067/moe.2001.114154
  11. Pogrel MA, Goldman KE. Lingual flap retraction for third molar removal. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004;62:1125-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2004.04.013
  12. Leung YY, Fung PP, Cheung LK. Treatment modalities of neurosensory deficit after lower third molar surgery: a systematic review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012;70:768-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2011.08.032
  13. Burchiel KJ. Abnormal impulse generation in focally demyelinated trigeminal roots. J Neurosurg 1980;53:674-83. https://doi.org/10.3171/jns.1980.53.5.0674
  14. Meyer RA, Raja SN, Campbell JN, Mackinnon SE, Dellon AL. Neural activity originating from a neuroma in the baboon. Brain Res 1985;325:255-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(85)90321-X
  15. Leung YY, McGrath C, Cheung LK. Trigeminal neurosensory deficit and patient reported outcome measures: the effect on quality of life. PLoS One 2013;8:e77391. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0077391
  16. Leung YY, Lee TC, Ho SM, Cheung LK. Trigeminal neurosensory deficit and patient reported outcome measures: the effect on life satisfaction and depression symptoms. PLoS One 2013;8:e72891. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0072891
  17. Leung YY, Cheung LK. Longitudinal treatment outcomes of microsurgical treatment of neurosensory deficit after lower third molar surgery: a prospective case series. PLoS One 2016;11:e0150149. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150149
  18. Devine M, Hirani M, Durham J, Nixdorf DR, Renton T. Identifying criteria for diagnosis of post-traumatic pain and altered sensation of the maxillary and mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve: a systematic review. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2018;125:526-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2017.12.020
  19. Hillerup S, Stoltze K. Lingual nerve injury II. Observations on sensory recovery after micro-neurosurgical reconstruction. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;36:1139-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2007.06.005
  20. Sandstedt P, Sorensen S. Neurosensory disturbances of the trigeminal nerve: a long-term follow-up of traumatic injuries. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1995;53:498-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(95)90055-1
  21. Smith JG, Elias LA, Yilmaz Z, Barker S, Shah K, Shah S, et al. The psychosocial and affective burden of posttraumatic neuropathy following injuries to the trigeminal nerve. J Orofac Pain 2013;27:293-303. https://doi.org/10.11607/jop.1056
  22. Mackinnon SE. Surgical management of the peripheral nerve gap. Clin Plast Surg 1989;16:587-603. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-1298(20)31325-0
  23. Ziccardi VB, Zuniga JR. Nerve injuries after third molar removal. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2007;19:105-15, vii. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coms.2006.11.005
  24. Kiesselbach JE, Chamberlain JG. Clinical and anatomic observations on the relationship of the lingual nerve to the mandibular third molar region. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1984;42:565-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/0278-2391(84)90085-5
  25. Joshi A, Rood JP. External neurolysis of the lingual nerve. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2002;31:40-3. https://doi.org/10.1054/ijom.2001.0156
  26. Robinson PP, Loescher AR, Smith KG. A prospective, quantitative study on the clinical outcome of lingual nerve repair. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2000;38:255-63. https://doi.org/10.1054/bjom.2000.0463
  27. Millesi H. The current state of peripheral nerve surgery in the upper limb. Ann Chir Main 1984;3:18-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0753-9053(84)80058-7
  28. Pogrel MA, Maghen A. The use of autogenous vein grafts for inferior alveolar and lingual nerve reconstruction. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2001;59:985-8; discussion 988-93. https://doi.org/10.1053/joms.2001.25821
  29. Pogrel MA, McDonald AR, Kaban LB. Gore-Tex tubing as a conduit for repair of lingual and inferior alveolar nerve continuity defects: a preliminary report. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998;56:319-21; discussion 321-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2391(98)90107-0
  30. Miloro M, Ruckman P 3rd, Kolokythas A. Lingual nerve repair: to graft or not to graft? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015;73:1844-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2015.03.018
  31. Zuniga JR. Sensory outcomes after reconstruction of lingual and inferior alveolar nerve discontinuities using processed nerve allograft--a case series. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015;73:734-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2014.10.030
  32. LaBanc JP, Van Boven RW. Surgical management of inferior alveolar nerve injuries. Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 1992;4:425-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1042-3699(20)30599-9
  33. Pippi R, Spota A, Santoro M. Prevention of lingual nerve injury in third molar surgery: literature review. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2017;75:890-900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2016.12.040
  34. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Guidance on the extraction of wisdom teeth. London: NICE; 2000.
  35. Mansoor J, Jowett A, Coulthard P. NICE or not so NICE? Br Dent J 2013;215:209-12. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.832
  36. Leung YY, Cheung LK. Can coronectomy of wisdom teeth reduce the incidence of inferior dental nerve injury? Ann R Australas Coll Dent Surg 2008;19:50-1.
  37. Leung YY, Cheung LK. Safety of coronectomy versus excision of wisdom teeth: a randomized controlled trial. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2009;108:821-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tripleo.2009.07.004
  38. Leung YY, Cheung LK. Coronectomy of the lower third molar is safe within the first 3 years. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2012;70:1515-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2011.12.029
  39. Leung YY, Cheung LK. Long-term morbidities of coronectomy on lower third molar. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2016;121:5-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2015.07.012
  40. Leung YY, Cheung KY. Root migration pattern after third molar coronectomy: a long-term analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018;47:802-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2018.01.015
  41. Yeung AWK, Wong NSM, Bornstein MM, Leung YY. Three-dimensional radiographic evaluation of root migration patterns 4-8.5 years after lower third molar coronectomy: a cone beam computed tomography study. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018;47:1145-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2018.03.014
  42. Yeung AWK, Wong NSM, Leung YY. Are coronectomy studies being cited? A bibliometric study. J Investig Clin Dent 2019;10:e12366. https://doi.org/10.1111/jicd.12366
  43. Leung YY. Coronectomy of lower third molars with and without guided bony regeneration: a pilot study. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2016;54:155-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjoms.2015.12.010
  44. Leung YY. Guided bone regeneration to reduce root migration after coronectomy of lower third molar: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2019;23:1595-604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-018-2594-8
  45. Brines ML, Ghezzi P, Keenan S, Agnello D, de Lanerolle NC, Cerami C, et al. Erythropoietin crosses the blood-brain barrier to protect against experimental brain injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:10526-31. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.19.10526
  46. Ehrenreich H, Hasselblatt M, Dembowski C, Cepek L, Lewczuk P, Stiefel M, et al. Erythropoietin therapy for acute stroke is both safe and beneficial. Mol Med 2002;8:495-505. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03402029
  47. Kaptanoglu E, Solaroglu I, Okutan O, Surucu HS, Akbiyik F, Beskonakli E. Erythropoietin exerts neuroprotection after acute spinal cord injury in rats: effect on lipid peroxidation and early ultrastructural findings. Neurosurg Rev 2004;27:113-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10143-003-0300-y
  48. Shingo T, Sorokan ST, Shimazaki T, Weiss S. Erythropoietin regulates the in vitro and in vivo production of neuronal progenitors by mammalian forebrain neural stem cells. J Neurosci 2001;21:9733-43. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.21-24-09733.2001
  49. Hall S. Nerve repair: a neurobiologist's view. J Hand Surg Br 2001;26:129-36. https://doi.org/10.1054/jhsb.2000.0497
  50. Walsh S, Midha R. Practical considerations concerning the use of stem cells for peripheral nerve repair. Neurosurg Focus 2009;26:E2. https://doi.org/10.3171/FOC.2009.26.2.E2
  51. Techawattanawisal W, Nakahama K, Komaki M, Abe M, Takagi Y, Morita I. Isolation of multipotent stem cells from adult rat periodontal ligament by neurosphere-forming culture system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007;357:917-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.04.031
  52. Pereira LV, Bento RF, Cruz DB, Marchi C, Salomone R, Oiticicca J, et al. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) differentiate in vivo and promote facial nerve regeneration. Cell Transplant 2019;28:55-64. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963689718809090
  53. Harvey AR, Plant GW, Tan MM. Schwann cells and the regrowth of axons in the mammalian CNS: a review of transplantation studies in the rat visual system. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1995;22:569-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1681.1995.tb02068.x
  54. Shimizu S, Kitada M, Ishikawa H, Itokazu Y, Wakao S, Dezawa M. Peripheral nerve regeneration by the in vitro differentiated-human bone marrow stromal cells with Schwann cell property. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007;359:915-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.05.212

피인용 문헌

  1. Comprehensive review of lower third molar management: A guide for improved informed consent vol.34, pp.2, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1002/ca.23693