Geomechanics and Engineering

  • 제19권1호
  • /
  • Pages.37-47
  • /
  • 2019
  • /
  • 2005-307X(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2092-6219(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Mechanical behaviour of waste powdered tiles and Portland cement treated soft clay

  • Al-Bared, Mohammed A.M. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS) ;
  • Harahap, Indra S.H. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS) ;
  • Marto, Aminaton (Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Kuala Lumpur) ;
  • Abad, Seyed Vahid Alavi Nezhad Khalil (Department of Civil Engineering, Birjand University of Technology) ;
  • Mustaffa, Zahiraniza (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS) ;
  • Ali, Montasir O.A. (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS)
  • 투고 : 2019.07.25
  • 심사 : 2019.09.02
  • 발행 : 2019.09.20
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

The main objective of this study is to evaluate and compare the efficiency of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in enhancing the unconfined compressive strength of soft soil alone and soft soil mixed with recycled tiles. The recycled tiles have been used to treat soft soil in a previous research by Al-Bared et al. (2019) and the results showed significant improvement, but the improved strength value was for samples treated with low cement content (2%). Hence, OPC is added alone in this research in various proportions and together with the optimum value of recycled tiles in order to investigate the improvement in the strength. The results of the compaction tests of the soft soil treated with recycled tiles and 2, 4, and 6% OPC revealed an increment in the maximum dry density and a decrement in the optimum moisture content. The optimum value of OPC was found to be 6%, at which the strength was the highest for both samples treated with OPC alone and samples treated with OPC and 20% recycled tiles. Under similar curing time, the strength of samples treated with recycled tiles and OPC was higher than the treated soil with the same percentage of OPC alone. The stress-strain curves showed ductile plastic behaviour for the untreated soft clay and brittle behaviour for almost all treated samples with OPC alone and OPC with recycled tiles. The microstructural tests indicated the formation of new cementitious products that were responsible for the improvement of the strength, such as calcium aluminium silicate hydrate. This research promotes recycled tiles as a green stabiliser for soil stabilisation capable of reducing the amount of OPC required for ground improvement. The replacement of OPC with recycled tiles resulted in higher strength compared to the control mix and this achievement may results in reducing both OPC in soil stabilisation and the disposal of recycled tiles into landfills.

키워드

과제정보

연구 과제 주관 기관 : Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP)

참고문헌

  1. Al-Bared, M.A.M. and Marto, A. (2017), "A review on the geotechnical and engineering characteristics of marine clay and the modern methods of improvements", Malaysian J. Fundam. Appl. Sci., 13(4), 825-831. https://doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v13n4.921
  2. Al-Bared, M.A.M. and Marto, A. (2019), "Evaluating the compaction behaviour of soft marine clay stabilized with two sizes of recycled crushed tiles", Proceedings of the 1st Global Civil Engineering Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, July.
  3. Al-Bared, M.A.M., Ayub, A., Mohd Yunus, N.Z., Harahap, I.S.H. and Marto, A. (2018a), "Application of demolished concrete material (DCM) in civil engineering structures- a review", Int. J. Civ. Eng. Technol., 9(11), 2345-2352.
  4. Al-Bared, M.A.M., Harahap, I.S.H., Marto, A., Abad Alavi Nezhad Khalil, S.V. and Ali, M.O.A. (2019), "Undrained shear strength and microstructural characterization of treated soft soil with recycled materials", Geomech. Eng., 18(4), 427-437. http://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.18.4.427.
  5. Al-Bared, M.A.M., Marto, A. and Latifi, N. (2018a), "Utilization of recycled tiles and tyres in stabilization of soils and production of construction materials - a state-of-the-art review", KSCE J. Civ. Eng., 22(10), 3860-3874. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-018-1532-2.
  6. Al-Bared, M.A.M., Marto, A., Hamonangan, I.S. and Kasim, F. (2018b), "Compaction and plasticity comparative behaviour of soft clay treated with coarse and fine sizes of ceramic tiles", E3S Web Conf., 34, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183401012.
  7. Al-Bared, M.A.M., Marto, A., Latifi, N. and Horpibulsuk, S. (2018b), "Sustainable improvement of marine clay using recycled blended tiles", Geotech. Geol. Eng., 36(5), 3135-3147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10706-018-0525-8.
  8. Andrew, R.M. (2018), "Global CO2 emissions cement production", Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 10(1), 195-217. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-195-2018.
  9. ASTM C 150, (2005), Specification for Portland Cement, in Annual Book of ASTM Standard, Section 4 Construction, Volume 04.01 Cement, Lime, Fypsum.
  10. ASTM C 618, (2005), Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete, in Annual Book of ASTM Standard, Section 4 Construction, Volume 04.02 Concrete and Aggregate.
  11. ASTM, (2013), D 2166-13, Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  12. Ayub, A., Mohd Yunus, N., Hezmi, M., Ali, N. and Jamaluddin, N. (2018), "Strength development of marine clay treated by demolished concrete materials with morphological identifications", J. Phys. Conf. Ser., 1049(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1049/1/012032.
  13. British Standards Institution, (1990), British Standard Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes: Part 4, Compaction-Related Tests, London, U.K.
  14. BSI, (1990), British Standard Methods of Test for Soils for Civil Engineering Purposes: Part 7, Shear Strength Tests (Total Stress), Milton Keynes, U.K.
  15. Chang, I. and Cho, G.C. (2019), "Shear strength behavior and parameters of microbial gellan gum-treated soils: from sand to clay", Acta Geotech. 14(2), 361-375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-018-0641-x.
  16. Chang, I., Im, J. and Cho, G.C. (2016), "Geotechnical engineering behaviors of gellan gum biopolymer treated sand", Can. Geotech. J., 53(10), 1658-1670. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0475.
  17. Chang, I., Im, J., Chung, M.K. and Cho, G.C. (2018), "Bovine casein as a new soil strengthening binder from diary wastes", Constr. Build. Mater., 160, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.11.009.
  18. Chang, I., Im, J., Lee, S.W. and Cho, G.C. (2017), "Strength durability of gellan gum biopolymer-treated Korean sand with cyclic wetting and drying", Constr. Build. Mater., 143, 210-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.02.061.
  19. Chang, I., Im, J., Prasidhi, A.K. and Cho, G.C. (2015), "Effects of Xanthan gum biopolymer on soil strengthening", Constr. Build. Mater., 74, 65-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.10.026.
  20. Chindaprasirt, P., Jaturapitakkul, C. and Sinsiri, T. (2005), "Effect of fly ash fineness on compressive strength and pore size of blended cement paste", Cem. Concr. Compos., 27(4), 425-428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.07.003.
  21. Chindaprasirt, P., Jaturapitakkul, C. and Sinsiri, T. (2007), "Effect of fly ash fineness on microstructure of blended cement paste", Constr. Build. Mater., 21, 1534-1541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.12.024.
  22. Croft, J.B. (1967), "The influence of soil mineralogical composition on cement stabilization", Geotechnique, 17(2), 119-135. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.1967.17.2.119.
  23. Damoerin, D., Prakoso, W.A. and Utami, Y. (2015), "Improving shear strength of clay by using cement column reinforcement under consolidated undrained test", Int. J. Technol., 6(4), 709-717. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v6i4.1206.
  24. Eisazadeh, A., Kassim, K.A. and Nur, H. (2011), "Characterization of phosphoric acid- and lime-stabilized tropical lateritic clay", Environ. Earth Sci., 63(5), 1057-1066. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0781-2.
  25. Gullu, H., Canakci, H. and Al Zangana, I.F. (2017), "Use of cement based grout with glass powder for deep mixing", Constr. Build. Mater., 137, 12-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.01.070.
  26. Ham, S.M., Chang, I., Noh, D.H., Kwon, T.H. and Muhunthan, B. (2018), "Improvement of surface erosion resistance of sand by microbial biopolymer formation", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 144(7), 06018004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gt.1943-5606.0001900.
  27. Herzog, A. and Mitchell, J.K. (1963), "Reactions accompanying stabilization of clay with cement", Highw. Res. Rec., 36, 146-171.
  28. Ho, L.S., Nakarai, K., Duc, M., Kouby, A. Le, Maachi, A. and Sasaki, T. (2018), "Analysis of strength development in cementtreated soils under different curing conditions through microstructure and chemical investigation", Constr. Build. Mater., 166, 634-646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.01.112.
  29. Ho, L.S., Nakarai, K., Ogawa, Y., Sasaki, T. and Morioka, M. (2017), "Strength development of cement-treated soils: Effects of water content, carbonation, and pozzolanic reaction under drying curing condition", Constr. Build. Mater., 134, 703-712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.065.
  30. Horpibulsuk, S., Rachan, R. and Suddeepong, A. (2011), "Assessment of strength development in blended cement admixed Bangkok clay", Constr. Build. Mater., 25, 1521-1531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.08.006.
  31. Horpibulsuk, S., Rachan, R., Chinkulkijniwat, A., Raksachon, Y. and Suddeepong, A. (2010), "Analysis of strength development in cement-stabilized silty clay from microstructural considerations", Constr. Build. Mater., 24, 2011-2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.03.011.
  32. Jamsawang, P., Poorahong, H., Yoobanpot, N., Songpiriyakij, S. and Jongpradist, P. (2019), "Improvement of soft clay with cement and bagasse ash waste", Constr. Build. Mater., 154, 61-71. https://doi.org/.1037//0033-2909.I26.1.78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.07.188
  33. Jha, A.K. and Sivapullaiah, P.V. (2015), "Mechanism of improvement in the strength and volume change behavior of lime stabilized soil", Eng. Geol., 198, 53-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.08.020.
  34. Jitsangiam, P., Nusit, K., Chummuneerat, S., Chindaprasirt, P. and Pichayapan, P. (2016), "Fatigue assessment of cement-treated base for roads: an examination of beam-fatigue tests", J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 28(10), 04016095. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001601.
  35. Kamruzzaman, A.H.M., Chew, S.H. and Lee, F.H. (2006), "Microstructure of cement-treated Singapore marine clay", Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Gr. Improv., 10(3), 113-123. https://doi.org/10.1680/grim.2006.10.3.113.
  36. Kang, G., Tsuchida, T. and Athapaththu, A.M.R.G. (2016), "Engineering behavior of cement-treated marine dredged clay during early and later stages of curing", Eng. Geol., 209, 163-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2016.05.008.
  37. Kasama, K., Ochiai, H. and Yasufuku, N. (2000), "On the stressstrain behaviour of lightly cemented clay based on an extended critical state concept", Soils Found., 40(5), 37-47. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.40.5_37.
  38. Khalid, N., Mukri, M., Awang, H., Kamarudin, F., Ghani, A.H.A. and Hashim, S. (2016), "Compaction characteristics of banting soft soil subgrade stabilized using waste paper sludge ash (WPSA)", Proceedings of the International Conference on Advanced Science, Engineering and Technology (ICASET), Penang, Malaysia, December.
  39. Kim, A.R., Chang, I., Cho, G.C. and Shim, S.H. (2018), "Strength and dynamic properties of cement-mixed Korean marine clays", KSCE J. Civ. Eng., 22(4), 1150-1161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-017-1686-3.
  40. Kwon, Y.M., Chang, I., Lee, M. and Cho, G.C. (2019), "Geotechnical engineering behavior of biopolymer-treated soft marine soil", Geomech. Eng., 17(5), 453-464. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.17.5.453.
  41. Lee, S., Chang, I., Chung, M.K., Kim, Y. and Kee, J. (2017), "Geotechnical shear behavior of xanthan gum biopolymer treated sand from direct shear testing", Geomech. Eng., 12(5), 831-847. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.5.831.
  42. Lee, S., Im, J., Cho, G.C. and Chang, I. (2019), "Laboratory triaxial test behavior of xanthan gum biopolymer-treated sands", Geomech. Eng., 17(5), 445-452. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2019.17.5.445.
  43. Mohammadinia, A., Arulrajah, A., Sanjayan, J., Disfani, M.M., Bo, M.W. and Darmawan, S. (2014), "Laboratory evaluation of the use of cement-treated construction and demolition materials in pavement base and subbase applications", J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 27(6), 4014186. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001148.
  44. Morandeau, A., Thiery, M. and Dangla, P. (2015), "Impact of accelerated carbonation on OPC cement paste blended with fly ash", Cem. Concr. Res., 67, 226-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2014.10.003.
  45. Nusit, K. and Jitsangiam, P. (2016), "Damage behavior of cementtreated base material", Procedia Eng., 143, 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.021.
  46. Nusit, K., Jitsangiam, P., Kodikara, J., Bui, H.H. and Leung, G.L.M. (2016), "Advanced characteristics of cement-treated materials with respect to strength performance and damage evolution", J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 29(4), 04016255. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001772.
  47. Nusit, K., Jitsangiam, P., Kodikara, J., Bui, H.H. and Leung, G.L.M. (2015), "Dynamic modulus measurements of bound cement-treated base materials", Geotech. Test. J., 38(3), 275-289. https://doi.org/10.1520/GTJ20140233.
  48. Pourakbar, S., Asadi, A., Huat, B.B.K. and Fasihnikoutalab, M.H. (2015), "Stabilization of clayey soil using ultrafine palm oil fuel ash (POFA) and cement", Transp. Geotech., 3, 24-35. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001772.
  49. Qureshi, M.U., Chang, I. and Al-Sadarani, K. (2017), "Strength and durability characteristics of biopolymer-treated desert sand", Geomech. Eng., 12(5), 785-801. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.5.785.
  50. Rahman, M.M.R., Siddique, A.S. and Uddin, M.K. (2010), "Microstructure and chemical properties of cement treated soft Bangladesh clays", Soils Found., 50(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.50.1.
  51. Ranaivomanana, H., Razakamanantsoa, A. and Amiri, O. (2018), "Effects of cement treatment on microstructural, hydraulic, and mechanical properties of compacted soils: Characterization and modeling", Int. J. Geomech., 18(9), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001248.
  52. Rangaswamy, K. (2016), "Influence of burnt ash additives on stabilization of soft clay soils", Innov. Infrastruct. Solut., 1(25), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-016-0025-8.
  53. Rani, T.G., Shivanarayana, C., Prasad, D. and Prasada Raju, G. (2014), "Strength behaviour of expansive soil treated with tile waste", Int. J. Eng. Res. Dev., 10(12), 52-57.
  54. Sabat, A.K. (2012), "Stabilization of expansive soil using waste ceramic dust", Electron. J. Geotech. Eng., 17(Z), 3915-3926.
  55. Sabat, A.K. and Moharana, R.K. (2015), "Effect of compaction energy on engineering properties of fly ash-granite dust stabilized expansive soil", Int. J. Eng. Technol., 7(5), 1617-1624.
  56. Sasanian, S. and Newson, T.A. (2014), "Basic parameters governing the behaviour of cement-treated clays", Soils Found., 54(2), 209-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2014.02.011.
  57. Singh, B. and Vinot, V. (2011), "Influence of waste tire chips on strength characteristics of soils", J. Civ. Eng. Architect., 5(10), 819-827.
  58. Sumayya, K., Rafeequedheen.K, M., Sameer, V., Firoz, Khais, P. and Jithin, K. (2016), "Stabilization of expansive soil treated with tile waste", Int. J. Civ. Eng., 3(3), 67-75. https://doi.org/10.14445/23488352/ijce-v3i3p112.
  59. Wang, D., Abriak, N.E. and Zentar, R. (2013), "Strength and deformation properties of Dunkirk marine sediments solidified with cement, lime and fly ash", Eng. Geol., 166, 90-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.09.007.
  60. Wong, L.S., Mousavi, S., Sobhani, S., Kong, S.Y., Birima, A.H. and Mohd Pauzi, N.I. (2016a), "Comparative measurement of compaction impact of clay stabilized with cement, peat ash and silica sand", Measurement, 94, 498-504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2016.08.029.
  61. Yilmaz, Y. (2015), "Compaction and strength characteristics of fly ash and fiber amended clayey soil", Eng. Geol., 188, 168-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2015.01.018.
  62. Yilmaz, Y. and Ozaydin, V. (2013), "Compaction and shear strength characteristics of colemanite ore waste modified active belite cement stabilized high plasticity soils", Eng. Geol., 155, 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2013.01.003.
  63. Yoobanpot, N., Jamsawang, P. and Horpibulsuk, S. (2017), "Applied clay science strength behaviour and microstructural characteristics of soft clay stabilized with cement kiln dust and fly ash residue", Appl. Clay Sci., 141, 146-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2017.02.028.
  64. Zainuddin, N., Mohd Yunus, N.Z., Al-Bared, M.A.M., Marto, A., Harahap, I.S.H. and Rashid, A.S.A. (2019), "Measuring the engineering properties of marine clay treated with disposed granite waste", Measurement, 131, 50-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.measurement.2018.08.053.
  65. Zhang, J., Liu, G., Chen, B., Song, D., Qi, J. and Liu, X. (2014), "Analysis of CO2 emission for the cement manufacturing with alternative raw materials: A LCA-based framework", Energy Procedia, 61, 2541-2545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.12.041.
  66. Zhang, T., Yue, X., Deng, Y., Zhang, D. and Liu, S. (2014), "Mechanical behaviour and micro-structure of cement-stabilised marine clay with a metakaolin agent", Constr. Build. Mater., 73, 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.041.
  67. Zhao, H., Zhou, K., Zhao, C., Gong, B.W. and Liu, J. (2016), "A long-term investigation on microstructure of cement-stabilized handan clay", Eur. J. Environ. Civ. Eng., 20(2), 199-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/19648189.2015.1030087.

피인용 문헌

  1. Pressure Settlement Behaviour of Strip Footing Resting on Unreinforced and Tire Chips Reinforced Copper Slag vol.25, pp.1, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-0606-0
  2. Strength, Hydraulic, and Microstructural Characteristics of Expansive Soils Incorporating Marble Dust and Rice Husk Ash vol.2021, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9918757
  3. Strength and Mechanism of Carbonated Solidified Clay with Steel Slag Curing Agent vol.25, pp.3, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-020-0817-4
  4. Physio-Chemical Properties, Consolidation, and Stabilization of Tropical Peat Soil Using Traditional Soil Additives - A State of the Art Literature Review vol.25, pp.10, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-1247-7
  5. Triaxial Shear Behavior of Basalt Fiber-Reinforced Loess Based on Digital Image Technology vol.25, pp.10, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-2034-1
  6. Performance of a Composite Soil Prepared with Red Mud and Desulfurized Gypsum vol.26, pp.1, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-021-2054-x