Earthquakes and Structures

  • 제17권2호
  • /
  • Pages.175-189
  • /
  • 2019
  • /
  • 2092-7614(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2092-7622(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Experimental study on models of cylindrical steel tanks under mining tremors and moderate earthquakes

  • Burkacki, Daniel (Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology) ;
  • Jankowski, Robert (Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gdansk University of Technology)
  • 투고 : 2018.11.29
  • 심사 : 2019.06.03
  • 발행 : 2019.08.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

The aim of the study is to show the results of complex shaking table experimental investigation focused on the response of two models of cylindrical steel tanks under mining tremors and moderate earthquakes, including the aspects of diagnosis of structural damage. Firstly, the impact and the sweep-sine tests have been carried out, so as to determine the dynamic properties of models filled with different levels of liquid. Then, the models have been subjected to seismic and paraseismic excitations. Finally, one fully filled structure has been tested after introducing two different types of damages, so as to verify the method of damage diagnosis. The results of the impact and the sweep-sine tests show that filling the models with liquid leads to substantial reduction in natural frequencies, due to gradually increasing overall mass. Moreover, the results of sweep-sine tests clearly indicate that the increase in the liquid level results in significant increase in the damping structural ratio, which is the effect of damping properties of liquid due to its sloshing. The results of seismic and paraseismic tests indicate that filling the tank with liquid leads initially to considerable reduction in values of acceleration (damping effect of liquid sloshing); however, beyond a certain level of water filling, this regularity is inverted and acceleration values increase (effect of increasing total mass of the structure). Moreover, comparison of the responses under mining tremors and moderate earthquakes indicate that the power amplification factor of the mining tremors may be larger than the seismic power amplification factor. Finally, the results of damage diagnosis of fully filled steel tank model indicate that the forms of the Fourier spectra, together with the frequency and power spectral density values, can be directly related to the specific type of structural damage. They show a decrease in the natural frequencies for the model with unscrewed support bolts (global type of damage), while cutting the welds (local type of damage) has resulted in significant increase in values of the power spectral density for higher vibration modes.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Banerji, P., Murudi, M., Shah, A.H. and Popplewell, N. (2000), "Tuned liquid dampers for controlling earthquake response of structures", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 29, 587-602. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(200005)29:5.
  2. Buratti, N. and Tavano, M. (2014), "Dynamic buckling and seismic fragility of anchored steel tanks by the added mass method", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 43, 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2326.
  3. Chen, Y.H., Hwang, W.S. and Ko, C.H. (2007), "Sloshing behaviours of rectangular and cylindrical liquid tanks subjected to harmonic and seismic excitations", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 36(12), 1701-1717. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.713.
  4. Cho, K.H. and Cho, S.Y. (2007), "Seismic response of cylindrical steel tanks considering fluid-structure interaction", Steel Struct., 7, 147-152.
  5. Chopra, A.K. (1995), Dynamics of Structures: Theory and Applications to Earthquake Engineering, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, USA.
  6. De Angelis, M., Giannini, R. and Paolacci, F. (2010), "Experimental investigation on the seismic response of a steel liquid storage tank equipped with floating roof by shaking table tests", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 39(4), 377-396. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.945.
  7. DiGrado, B.D. and Thorp, G.A. (2004), The Aboveground Steel Storage Tank Handbook, John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, N.J., USA.
  8. Djermane, M., Zaoui, D., Labbaci, B. and Hammadi, F. (2014), "Dynamic buckling of steel tanks under seismic excitation: Numerical evaluation of code provisions", Eng. Struct., 70, 181-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.03.037.
  9. Dong, Y. and Redekop, D. (2007), "Structural and vibrational analysis of liquid storage tanks", Transactions, SMiRT 19 Conference, Toronto, Canada, August.
  10. Edwards, N.W. (1969), "A procedure for the analysis of the dynamic of thin-walled cylindrical liquid storage tanks", Ph.D thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.
  11. Elwardany, H., Seleemah, A. and Jankowski, R. (2017), "Seismic pounding behavior of multi-story buildings in series considering the effect of infill panels", Eng. Struct., 144, 139-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.01.078.
  12. Falborski, T. and Jankowski, R. (2013), "Polymeric bearings - a new base isolation system to reduce structural damage during earthquakes", Key Eng. Mater., 569-570, 143-150. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.569-570.143.
  13. Falborski, T. and Jankowski, R. (2017), "Experimental study on effectiveness of a prototype seismic isolation system made of polymeric bearings", Appl. Sci., 7, 808. https://doi.org/10.3390/app7080808.
  14. Falborski, T., Jankowski, R. and Kwiecien, A. (2012), "Experimental study on polymer mass used to repair damaged structures", Key Eng. Mater., 488-489, 347-350. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.488-489.347.
  15. Fenves, G. and Vargas-Loli, L.M. (1988), "Nonlinear dynamic analysis of fluid-structure systems", J. Eng. Mech., ASCE, 114(2), 219-240. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1988)114:2(219).
  16. Godoy, L.A. (1996), Thin Walled Structures with Structural Imperfections: Analysis and Behavior, Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K.
  17. Haroun, M.A. and Housner, G.W. (1981), "Seismic design of liquid storage tanks", Proc. J. Tech. Council., ASCE, 107, 191-207. https://doi.org/10.1061/JTCAD9.0000080
  18. Hoskins, L.M. and Jacobsen, L.S. (1934), "Water pressure in a tank caused by a simulated earthquakes", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 24, 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0240010001
  19. Hosseinzadeh, N., Kazem, H., Ghahremannejad, M., Ahmadi, E. and Kazem, N. (2013), "Comparison of API650-2008 provisions with FEM analyses for seismic assessment of existing steel oil storage tanks", J. Loss Prev. Proc. Indust., 26, 666-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2013.01.004.
  20. Housner, G.W. (1954), Earthquake Pressures on Fluid Containers, California Institute of Technology.
  21. Housner, G.W. (1957), "Dynamic pressure on accelerated fluid containers", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 47(1), 15-35. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0470010015
  22. Housner, G.W. (1963), "The dynamic behaviour of water tanks", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 53(2), 381-387. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0530020381
  23. Hwang, I.T. and Ting, K. (1989), "Boundary element method for fluid-structure interaction problems in liquid storage tanks", J. Press. Ves. Technol., 3(4), 435-440. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3265701.
  24. Jacobsen, L.S. (1949), "Impulsive hydrodynamics of fluid inside a cylindrical tank and of fluid surrounding a cylindrical pier", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 39(3), 189-203. https://doi.org/10.1785/BSSA0390030189
  25. Jankowski, R. (2015), "Pounding between superstructure segments in multi-supported elevated bridge with three-span continuous deck under 3D non-uniform earthquake excitation", J. Earthq. Tsunami, 9(4), Paper no. 1550012. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1793431115500128.
  26. Jankowski, R. and Mahmoud, S. (2015), Earthquake-Induced Structural Pounding, Springer, Cham, Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16324-6.
  27. Jankowski, R. and Mahmoud, S. (2016), "Linking of adjacent three-storey buildings for mitigation of structural pounding during earthquakes", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 14(11), 3075-3097. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-016-9946-z.
  28. Jankowski, R. and Walukiewicz, H. (1997), "Modeling of twodimensional random fields", Prob. Eng. Mech., 12(2), 115-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-8920(96)00040-9.
  29. Jaroszewicz, L.R., Kurzych, A., Krajewski, Z., Marc, P., Kowalski, J.K., Bobra, P., Zembaty, Z., Sakowicz, B. and Jankowski, R. (2016), "Review of the usefulness of various rotational seismometers with laboratory results of fibre-optic ones tested for engineering applications", Sensors, 16(12), Paper no. 2161. https://doi.org/10.3390/s16122161.
  30. Kim, M.K., Lim, Y.M., Cho, S.Y. and Cho, K.H. (2002), "Seismic analysis of base-isolated liquid storage tanks using the BE-FEBE coupling technique", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 22, 1151-1158. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00142-2.
  31. Lay, K.S. (1993), "Seismic coupled modelling of axisymmetric tanks containing liquid", J. Eng. Mech., 119, 1747-1761. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1993)119:9(1747).
  32. Maciag, E., Kuzniar, K. and Tatara, T. (2016), "Response spectra of ground motions and building foundation vibrations excited by rockbursts in the LGC region", Earthq. Spectra, 32, 1769-1791. https://doi.org/10.1193/020515EQS022M.
  33. Mahmoud, S. and Jankowski, R. (2010), "Pounding-involved response of isolated and non-isolated buildings under earthquake excitation", Earthq. Struct., 1(3), 231-252. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2010.1.3.231.
  34. Malhotra, P.K., Wenk, T. and Wieland, M. (2000), "Simple procedure for seismic analysis of liquid storage tanks", Struct. Eng., IABSE, 10(3), 197-201. https://doi.org/10.2749/101686600780481509
  35. Maraveas, C. (2011), "Analysis and structural behavior of cylindrical steel tanks under seismic effects", The 12th International Conference on Metal Structures-ICMS, Wroclaw, Poland, 476-485.
  36. Miari, M., Choong, K.K. and Jankowski, R. (2019), "Seismic pounding between adjacent buildings: Identification of parameters, soil interaction issues and mitigation measures", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 121, 135-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2019.02.024.
  37. Moeindarbari, H., Malekzadeh, M. and Taghikhany, T. (2014), "Probabilistic analysis of seismically isolated elevated liquid storage tank using multi-phase friction bearing", Earthq. Struct., 6(1), 111-125. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/eas.2014.6.1.111.
  38. Naderpour, H., Naji, N., Burkacki, D. and Jankowski, R. (2019), "Seismic response of high-rise buildings equipped with base isolation and non-traditional tuned mass dampers", Appl. Sci., 9, 1201. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9061201.
  39. Ormeno, M., Larkin, T. and Chouw, N. (2014), "Methods for defining the seismic loadings of liquid storage tanks: an experimental comparison", Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Structural Dynamics, EURODYN 2014, Porto, Portugal, June-July.
  40. Ormeno, M., Larkin, T. and Chouw, N. (2015), "The effect of seismic uplift on the shell stresses of liquid-storage tanks", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 44, 1979-1996. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.2568.
  41. Salawu, O.S. (1997), "Detection of structural damage through changes in frequency: a review", Eng. Struct., 19(9), 718-723. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(96)00149-6.
  42. Seleemah, A.A. and El-Sharkawy, M. (2011), "Seismic analysis and modeling of isolated elevated liquid storage tanks", Earthq. Struct., 2(4), 397-412. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/eas.2011.2.4.397.
  43. Shahrjerdi, A. and Bayat, M. (2018), "The effect of compositeelastomer isolation system on the seismic response of liquidstorage tanks: Part I", Earthq. Struct., 15(5), 513-528. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2018.15.5.513.
  44. Sohn, H., Farrar, C.R., Hemez, F.M., Shunk, D.D., Stinemates, D.W. and Nadler, B.R. (2003), A Review of Structural Health Monitoring Literature: 1996-2001, Los Alamos National Lab., USA.
  45. Sun, J., Cui, L., Li, X., Wang, Z., Liu, W. and Lv, Y. (2018), "Vibration mode decomposition response analysis of large floating roof tank isolation considering swing effect", Earthq. Struct., 15(4), 411-417. https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2018.15.4.411.
  46. Veletsos, A.S. (1974), "Seismic effects in flexible liquid storage tanks", Proceedings of the 5th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Rome, Italy, 1, 630-639.
  47. Veletsos, A.S. (1984), "Seismic response and design of liquid storage tank", Guidelines for Seismic Design of Oil and Gas Pipelines System, ASCE, New York, USA, 255-370.
  48. Veletsos, A.S. and Yang, J.Y. (1977), "Earthquake response of liquid storage tanks", Proceedings of the 2nd EMD Specialty Conference, ASCE, New York, USA, 1-24.
  49. Virella, J.C., Godoy, L.A., Suarez, L.E. and Mander, J.B. (2003), "Influence of the roof on the natural periods of empty steel tanks", Eng. Struct., 25, 877-887. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-0296(03)00022-1.
  50. Wozniak, R.S. and Mitchell, W.W. (1978), "Basis of seismic design provisions for welded steel oil storage tanks", Sessions on Advances in Storage Tank Design, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, USA.
  51. Zembaty, Z. (2004), "Rockburst induced ground motion - a comparative study", Soil Dyn. Earthq. Eng., 24(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soildyn.2003.10.001.
  52. Ziolko, J. (1986), Steel Tanks for Liquids and Gases, Arkady, Poland.( in Polish)