Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society (한국산학기술학회논문지)

The Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society (한국산학기술학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Influencing Factors of Social Anxiety in Late School-aged Children

학령후기 아동의 사회불안에 미치는 영향요인

  • Moon, So-Hyun (Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chosun University) ;
  • Kim, Hyung-ran (Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chosun University) ;
  • Kim, Jeong-Suk (Asia Institute for Happiness)
  • 문소현 (조선대학교 의과대학 간호학과) ;
  • 김형란 (조선대학교 의과대학 간호학과) ;
  • 김정숙 (아시아 행복연구원)
  • Received : 2019.01.28
  • Accepted : 2019.06.07
  • Published : 2019.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of social anxiety among late School-aged Children and identify factors influencing the tendency to social anxiety. A self-report survey was conducted with primary school children who were in the 6th grades. Two hundred and seventy eight children were included in the study. The instruments utilized in this study were SASCA-K (Korean Social Anxiety Scale for children and adolescents), SES(Self-esteem Scale), CAPS(Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale), DSRS-C(Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children), and IPPA-R(Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment-Revised version). Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation and multiple regression with SPSS WIN 23.0 program. Social anxiety for the schoolchildren was positively correlated with perfectionism and depression, whereas self-esteem and attachment security was negatively correlated with social anxiety. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that 38.0% of the variance for social anxiety was significantly accounted for by self-esteem, self-oriented perfectionism, depression, attachment security (Father-communication). The most significant factor influencing social anxiety was self-esteem. Findings suggest that expanding health education, counseling and school-based health education programs is necessary to prevent and intervention mental problems of late School-aged Children through integrated intervention by schools, families and communities.

본 연구는 학령후기 아동의 사회불안 정도와 사회불안에 영향을 미치는 요인을 파악하기 위한 것이다. 설문지를 이용한 서술적 조사연구 방법으로 초등학교에 재학 중인 6학년 아동 278명을 연구대상자로 하였으며, 연구도구는 SASCA-K(Korean Social Anxiety Scale for children and adolescents, 사회불안 척도), SES(Self-esteem Scale, 자아존중감 척도), CAPS(Child and Adolescent Perfectionism Scale, 완벽주의 척도), DSRS-C(Depression Self-Rating Scale for Children, 아동우울 척도), IPPA-R(Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment-Revised version부모 및 또래애착 척도)을 사용하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS WIN 23.0을 이용하여 기술통계, t-test, One-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation, stepwise multiple regression을 실시하였다. 연구결과 학령후기 아동의 사회 불안과 완벽주의, 우울은 긍정적인 상관관계가 있는 반면, 자아존중감, 애착안정성은 부정적인 상관관계가 있었다. 단계적 다중회귀 분석에서는 자아존중감, 자기 지향적 완벽주의, 우울, 부 애착 의사소통이 사회불안에 영향을 주는 요인으로 38% 설명하는 것으로 나타났으며, 사회불안에 가장 영향을 미치는 요인은 자아존중감으로 분석되었다. 학교, 가족, 지역사회의 통합적인 개입을 통해 학령후기 아동의 정신문제를 예방하고 중재하기 위해 건강교육, 상담 및 학교기반 보건교육 프로그램 확대가 필요하다.

Keywords

Table 1. Social Anxiety according to General Characteristics

SHGSCZ_2019_v20n6_63_t0001.png 이미지

Table 2. Mean and Standard Deviation of Variables

SHGSCZ_2019_v20n6_63_t0002.png 이미지

Table 3. Correlation among Variables

SHGSCZ_2019_v20n6_63_t0003.png 이미지

Table 4. Factors Influencing Social Anxiety

SHGSCZ_2019_v20n6_63_t0004.png 이미지

References

  1. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5. American Psychiatric Association, 2013.
  2. C. A. Brook, L. A. Schmidt, "Social anxiety disorder: A review of environmental risk factors", Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, Vol.4, no.1, pp.123-143, Feb. 2008. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S1799
  3. D. W. Jeong, J. B. Jeong, "The Effect of Cognitive Behavior Therapy Focused on Social Skills and Emotional Identification and Expression of Elementary School Students Who Have Social Anxiety", Journal of Emotional & Behavioral Disorders, Vol.31, no.2, pp.321-344, May 2015.
  4. Ministry of Health Welfare and Family Affair, Mental health programs for children and adolescents, Policy Report Ministry of Health Welfare and Family Affair, Korea.
  5. M. S. Kim, 2013 Korea Youth-Children Survey administere, Policy Report, Ministry of Health, Welfare and Family, Korea, pp.184-188.
  6. O. B. Chung, S. Y. Park, C. H. Yoon, H. S. Doh, "Temperament, Parenting, and Behavioral Inhibition of Korean Toddlers", Child Health Nursing Research, Vol.23, no.4, pp.71-88, Feb. 2002.
  7. J. K. Yang, Development Mechanism of Social Anxiety in Adolescent: The effects of behavioral inhibition, family environment, dysfunctional belief and anxiety control, Master's Thesis, Aju University, Gyeonggi, Korea, 2007.
  8. K. H. Suh, J. M. You, S. H. Choi, "The Influence of Child Rearing Disagreement on Social Anxiety of High School Students: Focus on Mediating and Moderating Effects of BIS and Self-Efficacy", The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Vol.19, no.2, pp.255-272, May 2007.
  9. K. A. Kang, S. J. Kim, M. K. Song, S. Y. Sim, S. H. Kim, "Development of an Instrument to Measure Meaning of Life(MOL) for Higher Grade Primary School Children", Child Health Nursing Research, Vol.13, no.3, pp.308-318, Jul. 2007.
  10. H. J. Lee, H. K. Kim, "Factors Influencing Mental Health among Late School age Children", The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education, Vol.18, no.1, pp.149-158, Apr. 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5977/jkasne.2012.18.1.149
  11. H. I. Chang, B. K. Kim, K. J. Oh, Y. R. Yang, "Childand Adolescent- Reported Social Anxiety: Association with Parent-and Peer-Report", Korean Journal of Psychology, Vol.2, pp.674-681, Jan. 2002.
  12. S. E. Bruce, K. A. Yonkers, M. W. Otto, J. L. Eisen, R. B. Weisberg, M. Pagano, M. T. Shea, M. B. Keller, "Influence of psychiatric comorbidity on recovery and on recurrence in generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and panic disorder : A 12-year prospective study", American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol.162, no.6, pp.1179-1187, Jun. 2005. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1179
  13. G. R. Kim, H. A. Chang, "The Effects of Behavioral Inhibition on Social Anxiety in School-aged Children : Focused on the Moderating Effect of Social Support", The Korea Journal of Youth Counseling, Vol.21, no.2, pp.365-388, Nov. 2013. https://doi.org/10.35151/kyci.2013.21.2.017
  14. A. Bandura, "Self efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavior change", Psychological Review, Vol.84, pp.191-215, 1977. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
  15. H. J Baek, H. J. Hwang, "The effects of parents-related variables and self-related variables on children's emotional and behavioral problems", The Korean Journal of Developmental Psychology, Vol.19, no.3, pp.1-27, 2006.
  16. A. E. R. Bos, J. Huijding, P. Muris, L. R. R. Vogel, J. Biesheuvel, "Global, contingent and implicit self-esteem and psychopathological symptoms in adolescents", Personality and Individual Differences, Vol.48. no.3, pp.311-316, Feb. 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2009.10.025
  17. P. L. Hewitt, C. F. Caelian, G. L. Flett, S. B. Sherry, L. Collins L, C. A. Flynn, "Perfectionism in children: Associations with depression, anxiety, and anger", Personality and Individual Differences, Vol.32, no.6, pp.1049-1061, April 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00109-X
  18. B. T. McCreary, T. E. Joiner, N. B. Schmidt, N. S. Ialongo, "The structure and correlates of perfectionism in african american children", Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Vol.33, no.2, pp.313-324, Jun 2004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp3302_13
  19. Y. J. Chyun, "Mediating Effects of Self-Esteem on the Relationship between Perfectionism in Children, and Depression and Anxiety", Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, Vol.50, no.1, pp.15-28, 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6115/khea.2012.50.1.015
  20. A. M. L. Greca, N. Lopez, "Social anxiety among adolescents: Linkages with peer relations and friendships", Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, Vol.26, no.2, pp.83-94, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022684520514
  21. S. H. Moon, "Relationship of Attachment Security, to Social Anxiety, and Depression in School-aged Children: The Mediating Effect of Self Competency", Journal of Korean Acad Child Health Nurs, Vol.16, no.2, pp.156-163, 2010. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4094/jkachn.2010.16.2.156
  22. Y. H. Choi, Y. Y. Park, I. J. Park, M. S. Shin, "Relationships between Children's Depression and Anxiety and Their Self-Esteem and Emotional Intelligence", Journal of Korean Homr Management Association, Vol.20, no.2, pp.203-214, April 2002.
  23. W. Eng, R. G. Heimberg, T. A. Hart, F. R. Schneier, M. R. Liebowitz, "Attachment in individuals with social anxiety disorder: The relationship among adult attachment styles, social anxiety, and depression", Emotion, Vol.1, no.4, pp.365-380, Dec. 2001. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1528-3542.1.4.365
  24. K. H. Yu, Effects of a cognitive-behavioral group counseling program social anxiety, dysfunctional attitudes, and self-esteem of preadolescents in a elementary school, Master's Thesis, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea, 2003.
  25. K. H. Suh, H. J. Shin, J. Y. Moon, "Parent's Over Protection and Social Anxiety of Their Children", The Korean Journal of Stress Research, Vol.18, no.1, pp.19-27, March 2010.
  26. Y. A. Park, L. J. Kim, "Relationships between Emotional Competence and Social Anxiety among Korean Children and Adolescents", Korean journal of Human Ecology, Vol.14, no.1, pp.27-34, Feb. 2005.
  27. S. H. Moon, H. H. Cho, "Gender Differences in Self-competence, Social Anxiety and Depression in Upper Level Primary School Children", Journal of Korean Acad Child Health Nurs, Vol.16, no.3, pp.230-238, Jul. 2010. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4094/jkachn.2010.16.3.230
  28. H. S. Moon, K. J. Oh, "A validation study of the Korean Social Anxiety Scale for children and adolescents", The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol.21, no.2, pp.429-443, 2002.
  29. D. C. Beidel, S. M. Turner, T. L. Morris, "A new inventory to assess childhood social anxiety and phobia: The social phobia and anxiety inventory for children", Psychological Assessment, Vol.7, pp.73-79, 1995. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.1.73
  30. A. M. LaGreca, W. L. Stone, "Social Anxiety Scale for Children-Revised: Factor structure and concurrent Validity", Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, Vol.22, pp.17-27, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2201_2
  31. S. W. Sim, The relationship among the children's perceived social support, self-esteem and aggression, Unpublished master's thesis, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul, Korea, 2002.
  32. M. S. Yoon, Study on the Relationship of Social Support and Self-Esteem Perceived by high School Students, Unpublished master's thesis, Myong Ji University, Seoul, Korea, 1999.
  33. M. Rosenberg, Society and the adolescent self-image, pp.146-147, Princeton, N.J : Princeton University Press, 1965.
  34. J. Y. Lee, The relationship among children's perfectionism, stress managing behavior and anger expression, Unpublished master's thesis, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea, 2004.
  35. G. L. Flett, P. L. Hewitt, D. J. Boucher, L. A. Davidson, Y. Munro, "The child and adolescent perfectionism scale: Development, validation, and association with adjustment", Manuscript submitted for publication, 2000.
  36. J. Y. Shim, Y. J. Kang, H. R. Lee, H. C. Ohrr, "Psychosocial aspects of obese adolescents", Journal Korean Acad Fam Med, Vol.19, no.4, pp.337-352, 1998.
  37. P. Birleson, "The validity of depressive disorder in childhood and the development of self-rating scale: a research report", Journal Child Psychol Psychiatry, Vol.22, pp.73-88, Jan. 1981. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1981.tb00533.x
  38. J. Ok, The relationship between attachment security and depression in adolescence - Focusing on the mediating effect of perceived competence, Unpublished master's thesis, Ewha Woman's University, Seoul, Korea, 1998.
  39. G. C. Armsden, M. T. Greenberg, "The inventory of parent and peer attachment: Individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol.16, pp.427-454, March 1987. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02202939
  40. K. H. Suh, J. M. You, K. M. An, "Predictors of Social Anxiety among Elementary School Students: Focus on of Behavioral Inhibition, Parental Attitude, and Self-Efficacy", Korean Jounal of Psychology: General, Vol.27, no.3, pp.675-693, 2008.
  41. M. J. Chung, J. I. Yuh, "Effects of Individual and Social Factors on Children's Affective Problems and Self-Worth", Korean Journal of Child Studies, Vol.30, no.3, pp.71-83, May 2009.
  42. J. M. Yun, J. M. Kim, "The Mediating Effects of Stress Coping Behaviors on the Relationship Between Children's Perfectionism and Anxiety", The Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Vol.20, no.3, pp.863-883, Aug. 2008.
  43. K. G. Rice, B. A. Leever, C. A. Noggle, D. K. Lapsley, "Perfectionism and depressive symptoms in early adolescence", Psychology in the Schools, Vol.44, no.2, pp.139-156, January 2007. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20212
  44. S. Y. Kim, "The effects of attachment to parents of elementary school students on Social anxiety and relation to children peer", Master's Thesis, Daejeon, University, Daejeon, Korea, 2009.
  45. M. Bosquet, B. Egelend, "The development and maintenance of anxiety symptoms from infancy through adolescent in a longitudinal sample", Development and Psychopathology, Vol.18, no.2, pp.517-550, June 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579406060275