Fig. 1. Constitutional formulas of three ligands: (a) fumarate, (b) IDA, and (c) EDTA.
Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of the carbonation reactor: 1. CO2 gas cylinder, 2. gas regulator, 3. needle valve, 4. digital mass flow meter, 5. fine control valve, 6. pH meter, 7. pH electrode, 8. electrical stirrer, 9. CO2 outlet.
Fig. 3. Variations of the (a) calcium and (b) hydroxide ion concentration of eluent with the solvent concentration.
Fig. 4. Variations of the monitored pH and its time derivative with the carbonation time: (a) 0.1 M fumarate, (b) 0.1 M IDA, (c) 0.1 M EDTA, and (d) water (–●– : monitored pH, —: pH derivative curve).
Fig. 5. XRD analysis of the solids obtained by using three chelating reagents and water as solvents: (a) 0.1 M fumarate, (b) 0.1 M IDA, (c) 0.1 M EDTA, (d) water, (e) calcite reference, and (f) vaterite reference.
Fig. 6. SEM analysis of the solids obtained by using three chelating reagents and water as solvents: (a) 0.1 M fumarate, (b) 0.1 M IDA, (c) 0.1 M EDTA, and (d) water.
Fig. 7. TGA results of the solids obtained by using three chelating reagents and water as solvents: (a) 0.1 M fumarate, (b) 0.1 M IDA, (c) 0.1 M EDTA, and (d) water.
Table 1. Comparison of the calcium extraction efficiency, carbonation efficiency, CO2 storage, CaCO3 yield, and CaCO3 characteristics (morphology, particle size, and purity) among the three chelating reagents and water used as solvents
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