Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Characterization of starch and gum arabic-maltodextrin microparticles encapsulating acacia tannin extract and evaluation of their potential use in ruminant nutrition

  • Adejoro, Festus A. (Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria) ;
  • Hassen, Abubeker (Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, University of Pretoria) ;
  • Thantsha, Mapitsi S. (Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria)
  • Received : 2018.08.24
  • Accepted : 2018.11.19
  • Published : 2019.07.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objective: The use of tannin extract and other phytochemicals as dietary additives in ruminants is becoming more popular due to their wide biological actions such as in methane mitigation, bypass of dietary protein, intestinal nematode control, among other uses. Unfortunately, some have strong astringency, low stability and bioavailability, and negatively affecting dry matter intake and digestibility. To circumvent these drawbacks, an effective delivery system may offer a promising approach to administer these extracts to the site where they are required. The objectives of this study were to encapsulate acacia tannin extract (ATE) with native starch and maltodextrin-gum arabic and to test the effect of encapsulation parameters on encapsulation efficiency, yield and morphology of the microparticles obtained as well as the effect on rumen in vitro gas production. Methods: The ATE was encapsulated with the wall materials, and the morphological features of freeze-dried microparticles were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The in vitro release pattern of microparticles in acetate buffer, simulating the rumen, and its effect on in vitro gas production was evaluated. Results: The morphological features revealed that maltodextrin/gum-arabic microparticles were irregular shaped, glossy and smaller, compared with those encapsulated with native starch, which were bigger, and more homogenous. Maltodextrin-gum arabic could be used up to 30% loading concentration compared with starch, which could not hold the core material beyond 15% loading capacity. Encapsulation efficiency ranged from $27.7%{\pm}6.4%$ to $48.8%{\pm}5.5%$ in starch and $56.1%{\pm}4.9%$ to $64.8%{\pm}2.8%$ in maltodextrin-gum arabic microparticles. Only a slight reduction in methane emission was recorded in encapsulated microparticles when compared with the samples containing only wall materials. Conclusion: Both encapsulated products exhibited the burst release pattern under the pH conditions and methane reduction associated with tannin was marginal. This is attributable to small loading percentages and therefore, other wall materials or encapsulation methods should be investigated.

Keywords

References

  1. Hristov AN, Oh J, Firkins JL, et al. Special topics-Mitigation of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from animal operations: I. A review of enteric methane mitigation options. J Anim Sci 2013;91:5045-69. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2013-6583
  2. Hassen A, Theart JJF, Van Niekerk WA, Adejoro FA, Gemeda BS. In vitro methane and gas production characteristics of Eragrostis trichopophora substrate supplemented with different browse foliage. Anim Prod Sci 2016;56:634-40. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15612
  3. Huang XD, Liang JB, Tan HY, Yahya R, Khamseekhiew B, Ho YW. Molecular weight and protein binding affinity of Leucaena condensed tannins and their effects on in vitro fermentation parameters. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2010;159:81-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2010.05.008
  4. Animut G, Puchala R, Goetsch AL, et al. Methane emission by goats consuming different sources of condensed tannins. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008;144:228-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.10.015
  5. Waghorn G. Beneficial and detrimental effects of dietary condensed tannins for sustainable sheep and goat production-Progress and challenges. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2008;147:116-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.09.013
  6. de Freitas V, Carvalho E, Mateus N. Study of carbohydrate influence on protein-tannin aggregation by nephelometry. Food Chem 2003;81:503-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(02)00479-X
  7. Munin A, Edwards-Levy F. Encapsulation of natural polyphenolic compounds; a review. Pharmaceutics 2011;3:793-829. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics3040793
  8. Zhang L, Mou D, Du Y. Procyanidins: extraction and microencapsulation. J Sci Food Agric 2007;87:2192-7. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2899
  9. Wood TA, Wallace RJ, Rowe A, et al. Encapsulated fumaric acid as a feed ingredient to decrease ruminal methane emissions. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2009;152:62-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2009.03.006
  10. Fernandes RVDB, Borges SV, Botrel DA. Gum arabic/starch/maltodextrin/inulin as wall materials on the microencapsulation of rosemary essential oil. Carbohydr Polym 2014;101:524-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.09.083
  11. Robert P, Garcia P, Reyes N, Chavez J, Santos J. Acetylated starch and inulin as encapsulating agents of gallic acid and their release behaviour in a hydrophilic system. Food Chem 2012;134:1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.019
  12. Papoutsis K, Golding JB, Vuong Q, et al. Encapsulation of citrus by-product extracts by spray-drying and freeze-drying using combinations of maltodextrin with soybean protein and ${\iota}$-Carrageenan. Foods 2018;7:115. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods7070115
  13. Makkar H, Blummel M, Borowy N, Becker K. Gravimetric determination of tannins and their correlations with chemical and protein precipitation methods. J Sci Food Agric 1993;61:161-5. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740610205
  14. Porter LJ, Hrstich LN, Chan BG. The conversion of procyanidins and prodelphinidins to cyanidin and delphinidin. Phytochemistry 1985;25:223-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)94533-3
  15. Rossi F, Maurizio M, Francesco M, Giovanna C, Gianfranco P. Rumen degradation and intestinal digestibility of rumen protected amino acids: Comparison between in situ and in vitro data. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2003;108:223-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-8401(03)00131-7
  16. Chime SA, Attama AA, Builders PF, Onunkwo GC. Solid lipid microparticle based on solidified reverse micellar solution: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Microencapsul 2013;30:335-45. https://doi.org/10.3109/02652048.2012.726284
  17. Menke KH, Raab L, Salewski A, Steingass H, Fritz D, Schneider W. The estimation of the digestibility and metabolizable energy content of ruminant feedingstuffs from the gas production when they are incubated with rumen liquor in vitro. J Agric Sci 1979;93:217-22. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600086305
  18. Adejoro FA, Hassen A. Effect of supplementing or treating Eragrostis curvula hay with urea or nitrate on its digestibility and in vitro fermentation. S Afr J Anim Sci 2017;47:168-77. https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v47i2.8
  19. Orskov E, McDonald I. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. J Agric Sci 1979;92:499-503. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600063048
  20. Tonon RV, Brabet C, Pallet D, Brat P, Hubinger MD. Physicochemical and morphological characterisation of acai (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) powder produced with different carrier agents. Int J Food Sci Technol 2009;44:1950-8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.02012.x
  21. Ezhilarasi PN, Indrani D, Jena BS, Anandharamakrishnan C. Freeze drying technique for microencapsulation of Garcinia fruit extract and its effect on bread quality. J Food Eng 2013;117:513-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.009
  22. Kaushik V, Roos YH. Limonene encapsulation in freeze-drying of gum Arabic-sucrose-gelatin systems. LWT - Food Sci Technol 2007;40:1381-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2006.10.008
  23. Loksuwan J. Characteristics of microencapsulated ${\beta}$-carotene formed by spray drying with modified tapioca starch, native tapioca starch and maltodextrin. Food Hydrocoll 2007;21:928-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2006.10.011
  24. Pitchaon M, Tanawan W, Thepkunya H. Tamarind kernel powder, gum arabic and maltodextrin as a novel combination for encapsulating agents of phenolic antioxidants. Int Food Res J 2013;20:645-52.
  25. Bertolini AC, Siani AG, Grosso CRF. Stability of monoterpenes encapsulated in gum arabic by spray-drying. J Agric Food Chem 2001;49:780-5. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf000436y
  26. Makkar H. Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins, and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of feeding tannin-rich feeds. Small Rumin Res 2003;49:241-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-4488(03)00142-1
  27. Barros F, Awika JM, Rooney LW. Interaction of tannins and other sorghum phenolic compounds with starch and effects on in vitro starch digestibility. J Agric Food Chem 2012;60:11609-17. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf3034539
  28. Zhu F. Interactions between cell wall polysaccharides and polyphenols. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018;58:1808-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2017.1287659
  29. Beauchemin KA, McGinn SM, Martinez TF, McAllister TA. Use of condensed tannin extract from quebracho trees to reduce methane emissions from cattle. J Anim Sci 2007;85:1990-6. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-686
  30. Calabro S, Guglielmelli A, Iannaccone F, et al. Fermentation kinetics of sainfoin hay with and without PEG. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2012;96:842-9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01260.x
  31. Jayanegara A, Leiber F, Kreuzer M. Meta-analysis of the relationship between dietary tannin level and methane formation in ruminants from in vivo and in vitro experiments. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr 2012;96:365-75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01172.x
  32. Pellikaan W, Stringano E, Leenaars J, et al. Evaluating effects of tannins on extent and rate of in vitro gas and $CH_4$ production using an automated pressure evaluation system (APES). Anim Feed Sci Technol 2011;166-167:377-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.072
  33. Gunun P, Gunun N, Cherdthong A, et al. In vitro rumen fermentation and methane production as affected by rambutan peel powder. J Appl Anim Res 2018;46:626-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2017.1371608

Cited by

  1. Replacing urea with nitrate as a non-protein nitrogen source increases lambs' growth and reduces methane production, whereas acacia tannin has no effect vol.259, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114360
  2. Influence of supplementing Guinea grass with differently processed African yam bean on gas production and in vitro digestibility vol.49, 2019, https://doi.org/10.37496/rbz4920200029
  3. Optimization Model of Phenolics Encapsulation Conditions for Biofortification in Fatty Acids of Animal Food Products vol.10, pp.4, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10040881
  4. Effects of probiotics and encapsulated probiotics on enteric methane emission and nutrient digestibility in vitro vol.788, pp.1, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/788/1/012050
  5. Manipulation of Gut Microbiota Using Acacia Gum Polysaccharide vol.6, pp.28, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.1c00302
  6. Characterization, Density and In Vitro Controlled Release Properties of Mimosa (Acacia mearnsii) Tannin Encapsulated in Palm and Sunflower Oils vol.11, pp.10, 2019, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11102919
  7. Effect of Acacia mearnsii Tannin Extract Supplementation on Reproductive Performance and Oxidative Status of South African Mutton Merino Rams vol.11, pp.11, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113266