Fig. 1. Classification of simulation.
Fig. 2. Basic HILS configuration. (a) CHIL, (b) PHIL.
Fig. 3. Hardware configuration of HILS system.
Fig. 4. DC-DC Converter Circuit. (a) Buck, (b) Half-bridge.
Fig. 6. Operating mode definition based on DC bus voltage.
Fig. 8. Detailed control block diagram.
Fig. 5. Typical DC microgrid system configuration.
Fig. 7. V-I characteristic for energy resources in DC MGs. (a) Distributed generators, (b) ESS converter, (c) Utility interface converter.
Fig. 9. HILS platform.
Fig. 10. Performances for the transition between Mode I and Mode II.
Fig. 11. Performances for the transition between Mode II and Mode III.
Fig. 12. Performances for the transition between Mode I and Mode II (HILS).
Fig. 13. Performances for the transition between Mode II and Mode III (HILS).
TABLE I PARAMETERS OF THE SYSTEM
References
- R. H. Lasseter, "MicroGrids," in Proc. IEEE Power Eng. Soc. Winter Meet., pp. 305-308, 2002.
- R. H. Lasseter and P. Paigi, "Microgrid: A conceptual solution," in Proc. Power Electronics Specialists Conf., pp. 4285-4290, 2004.
- G. Byeon, T. Yoon, S. Oh, and G. Jang, “Energy management strategy of the DC distribution system in buildings using the EV service model,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 1544-1554, Apr. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2012.2210911
- K. Strunz, E. Abbasi, and D. N. Huu, “DC microgrid for wind and solar power integration,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 115-126, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE.2013.2294738
- T. Dragicevic, S. Sucic, J. C. Vasquez, and J. M. Guerrero, “Flywheel-based distributed bus signalling strategy for the public fast charging station,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, Vol. 5, No. 6, pp. 2825-2835, Nov. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2014.2325963
- J. Schonberger, R. Duke, and S. D. Round, “DC-bus signaling: A distributed control strategy for a hybrid renewable nanogrid,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 53, No. 5, pp. 1453-1460, Oct. 2006. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2006.882012
- K. Sun, L. Zhang, Y. Xing, and J. M. Guerrero, “A distributed control strategy based on DC bus signaling for modular photovoltaic generation systems with battery energy storage,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 26, No. 10, pp. 3032-3045, Oct. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2011.2127488
- X. Lu, K. Sun, J. M. Guerrero, J. C. Vasquez, and L. Huang, “State-of-charge balance using adaptive droop control for distributed energy storage systems in DC microgrid applications,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 61, No. 6, pp. 2804-2815, Jun. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2013.2279374
- Y. Gu, W. Li, and X. He, “Frequency-coordinating virtual impedance for autonomous power management of DC microgrid,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 30, No. 4, pp. 2328-2337, Apr. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2014.2325856
- S. Palla, A. K. Srivastava, and N. N. Schulz, "Hardware in the loop test for relay model validation," in Proc. IEEE ESTS, pp. 449-454, May 2007.
- L. Wei, G. Joos, and J. Belanger, “Real-time simulation of a wind turbine generator coupled with a battery supercapacitor energy storage system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 1137-1145, Apr. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2009.2037103
- J. H. Jeon, J. Y. Kim, H. M. Kim, S. K. Kim, C. Cho, J. M. Kim, and K. Y. Nam, “Development of hardware in-the-loop simulation system for testing operation and control functions of microgrid,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 25, No. 12, pp. 2919-2929, Dec. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2010.2078518
- L. Meng, T. Dragicevic, J. M. Guerrero, and J. C. Vasquez, "Dynamic consensus algorithm based distributed global efficiency optimization of a droop controlled DC microgrid," in Proc. IEEE Int. Energy Conf., pp. 1276-1283, 2014.
- C. Dufour and J. Belanger, “On the use of real-time simulation technology in smart grid research and development,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., Vol. 50, No. 6, pp. 3963-3970, Nov. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2014.2315507
- J. Wang, Y. Song, W. Li, J. Guo, and A. Monti, “Development of a universal platform for hardware in-the-loop testing of microgrids,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Informat., Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 2154-2165, Nov. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2014.2349271
- M. O. Faruque, T. Strasser, G. Lauss, V. Jalili-Marandi, P. Forsyth, C. Dufour, and M. Paolone, “Real-time simulation technologies for power systems design, testing, and analysis,” IEEE Power Energy Technol. Syst. J., Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 63-73, Jun. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPETS.2015.2427370
- A. S. Vijay, S. Doolla, and M. C. Chandorkar, “Real-time testing approaches for microgrids,” IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Power Electron., Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 1356-1376, Sep. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/JESTPE.2017.2695486
- National Instruments, "PXI-8840," Retrieved from http://www.ni.com/en-gb/support/model.pxi-8840.html.
- National Instruments, "PXIe-7821," Retrieved from http://www.ni.com/en-gb/support/model.pxie-7821.html.
- National Instruments, "PXI-6723," Retrieved from http://www.ni.com/en-gb/support/model.pxi-6723.html.
- National Instruments, "PXIe-1078," Retrieved from http://www.ni.com/en-gb/support/model.pxie-1078.html.
- National Instruments, "NI SCB-68," Retrieved from http://www.ni.com/product-documentation/53441/en/.
- S. Bacha, I. Munteanu, and A. I. Bratcu, "Power electronic converters modeling and control: With case studies," New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2014.
- J. M. Guerrero, M. Chandorkar, T. L. Lee, and P. C. Loh, “Advanced control architectures for intelligent microgrids-Part I: Decentralized and hierarchical control,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 1254-1262, Apr. 2013. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2012.2194969
- T. Dragicevic, X. Lu, J. C. Vasquez, and J. M. Guerrero, “DC microgrids-Part I: A review of control strategies and stabilization techniques,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol. 31, No. 7, pp. 4876-4891, Jul. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPEL.2015.2478859
- Y. Ito, Y. Zhongqing, and H. Akagi, "DC micro-grid based distribution power generation system," in Proc. IEEE IPEMC, Vol. 3, pp. 1740-1745, 2004.