Geomechanics and Engineering

  • 제17권6호
  • /
  • Pages.597-606
  • /
  • 2019
  • /
  • 2005-307X(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2092-6219(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Detection of near surface rock fractures using ultrasonic diffraction techniques

  • Selcuk, Levent (Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Van Yuzuncu Yil University)
  • 투고 : 2017.11.08
  • 심사 : 2019.04.03
  • 발행 : 2019.04.30
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD) techniques are useful methods for non-destructive evaluation of fracture characteristics. This study focuses on the reliability and accuracy of ultrasonic diffraction methods to estimate the depth of rock fractures. The study material includes three different rock types; andesite, basalt and ignimbrite. Four different ultrasonic techniques were performed on these intact rocks. Artificial near-surface fracture depths were created in the laboratory by sawing. The reliability and accuracy of each technique was assessed by comparison of the repeated measurements at different path lengths along the rock surface. The standard error associated with the predictive equations is very small and their reliability and accuracy seem to be high enough to be utilized in estimating the depth of rock fractures. The performances of these techniques were re-evaluated after filling the artificial fractures with another material to simulate natural infills.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Ahn, E., Kim, H., Sim, S.H., Shin, S. and Shin, M. (2017), "Principles and applications of ultrasonic-based nondestructive methods for self-healing in cementitious materials", Materials, 10(3), 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma10030278
  2. Altindag, R. and Guney, A. (2005), "Evaluation of the relationships between P-wave velocity and joint density", Proceedings of the 19th International Mining Congress and Fair of Turkey IMCET2005, Izmir Turkey, June.
  3. Antonaci, P., Formia, A., Gliozzi, A.S., Scalerandi, M., Tulliani, J. M. (2013), "Diagnostic application of non- linear ultrasonics to characterize degradation by expansive salts in masonry systems", NDT&E Int., 55, 57-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ndteint.2013.01.013
  4. Anwar, A.M., Hattori, K., Ogata, H., Ashraf, M. and Goyal, A. (2007), "New approach towards crack determination in concrete using Upv test", Proceedings of the 32nd Conference on Our World In Concrete & Structures, Singapore, August.
  5. BS (1881), Measurement of Velocity of Ultrasonic Pulses in Concrete, British standard Institution, Part 203, U.K.
  6. Boadu, F.K. (1997), "Fractured rock mass characterization parameters and seismic properties: Analytical studies", J. Appl. Geophys., 37(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-9851(97)00008-6
  7. Bungey, J.H. and Millard, S.G. (1996), Testing of Concrete Structures, Blackie Academic and Professionals, London.
  8. Christaras, B. (1998), "Effectiveness of in situ P-wave measurements in monuments", Proceedings of the 9th Eurocare Euromarble EU496 Workshop, Munich, Germany, October.
  9. Faella, G., Frunzio, G., Guadagnuolo, M., Donadio, A. and Ferri, L. (2012), "The church of the nativity in Bethlehem: nondestructive tests for the structural knowledge", J. Cult. Heritage, 13, 27-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2012.10.014
  10. Gladwin, M.T. (1982), "Ultrasonic stress monitoring in underground mining", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 19(5), 221-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(82)90220-0
  11. Hilbert, D. and Cohn-Vossen, S. (1999), Geometry and the Imagination, AMS Chelsea Publishing, New York, U.S.A.
  12. Hudson, J.A., Jones, E.J.W. and New, B.M. (1980), "P-wave velocity measurements in a machine bored chalk tunnel", Quart. J. Eng. Geol., 13(1), 33-43. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1980.013.01.02
  13. Hudson, J.A. (1981), "Wave speed and attenuation of elastic waves in material containing cracks", Geophys. J. Int., 64(1), 133-150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1981.tb02662.x
  14. Hudson, J.A., Liu, E. and Crampin, S. (1996), "The mechanical properties of materials with interconnected cracks and pores", Geophys. J. Int., 124(1), 105-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1996.tb06355.x
  15. Jeffreys, H. (1931), "Damping in bodily seismic waves", Geophys. J. Int., 2, 318-323. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1931.tb05417.x
  16. Jiang, Q., Cui, J. and Chen, J. (2012), "Time-dependent damage investigation of rock mass in an in situ experimental tunnel materials", 5(8), 1389-1403. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma5081389
  17. Kahraman, S. (2001), "A correlation between P-wave velocity, number of joints and Schmidt hammer rebound number", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 38(5), 729-733. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1365-1609(01)00034-X
  18. Kahraman, S. (2002), "The effects of fracture roughness on Pwave velocity", Eng. Geol., 63(3-4), 347-350. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(01)00089-8
  19. Kahraman, S., Soylemez, M. and Fener, M. (2008), "Determination of fracture depth of rock blocks from P-wave velocity", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 67(1), 11-16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-007-0110-5
  20. Karpuz, C. and Pasamehmetoglu, A.G. (1997), "Field characterization of weathered Ankara andesites", Eng. Geol., 46(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(96)00002-6
  21. King, M.S., Myer, L.R. and Rezowalli, J.J. (1986), "Experimental studies of elastic-wave propagation in a columnar-jointed rock mass", Geophys. Prosp., 34(8), 1185-1199. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2478.1986.tb00522.x
  22. King, M.S., Chaudhry, N.A. and Shakeel, A. (1995), "Experimental ultrasonic velocities and permeability for sandstones with aligned cracks", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 32, 155-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(94)00033-Y
  23. Lednicka, M. and Kalab, Z. (2012), "Evaluation of granite weathering in the Jeronym Mine using non-destructive methods", Acta Geodyn. Geomater., 9(2), 211-220.
  24. Long, R. (2000), "The improvement of ultrasonic apparatus for the routine inspection of concrete", Ph.D. Thesis, University of London, London, U.K.
  25. Masato, A., Toyota, F. and Yoshifumi, N. (2002), "Location of a defect in a concrete block by anon-destructive technique", J. Acous. Sci. Technol., 23(6), 308-312. https://doi.org/10.1250/ast.23.308
  26. Meglis, I.L., Chow, T., Martin, C.D. and Young, R.P. (2005), "Assessing in situ microcrack damage using ultrasonic velocity tomography", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 42(1), 25-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2004.06.002
  27. Naik, T.R. and Malhotra, V.M. (1991), The Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method, in Handbook on NDT of Concrete, CRC Press, Boston, U.S.A.
  28. Ogata, H., Hattori, K. and Hirashi, T. (2006), "Consideration of the estimating method of crack depth of concrete by USPV method", JSIDRE, 246(74), 833-839.
  29. Pascale, G., Lolli, A. (2015), "Crack assessment in marble sculptures using ultrasonic measurements: Laboratory tests and application on the statue of David by Michelangelo", J. Cult. Heritage, 16(6), 813-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2015.02.005
  30. Popovics, J.S., Song, W.J., Ghandehari, M., Subramaniam, K.V., Achenbach, J.D. and Shah, S.P. (2000), "Application of surface wave transmission measurements for crack depth determination in concrete", ACI Mater. J., 97(2), 127-135.
  31. Pinto, R.C.A., Medeiros, A., Padaratz, I.J. and Andrade, P.B. (2010), "Use of ultrasound to estimate depth of surface opening cracks in concrete structures", E. J. Nondestruct. Test. Ultrasonics, 8, 1-11.
  32. Price, D.G., Malone, A.W. and Knill, T.L. (1970), "The application of seismic methods in the design of rock bolt system", Proceedings of the 1st International Congress of the International Association of Engineering Geology, Paris, France, September.
  33. Raina, A.K., Chakraborty, A.K., Ramulu, M. and Jethwa, J.L. (2000), "Rock mass damage from underground blasting, a literature review, and lab- and full scale tests to estimate crack depth by ultrasonic method", Int. J. Blast. Fragment., Fragblast, 4(2), 103-125.
  34. Rus, G., Wooh, S.C. and Gallego, R. (2005), "Design of ultrasonic wedge transducer", Ultrasonics, 43(5), 391-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2004.10.002
  35. Sassa, K., Ryu, M. and Sugimoto, T. (1984), "P-wave velocities in rock mass with water-saturated cracks", Proceedings of the 6th Japan Symposium on Rock Mechanics, Kyoto, Japan.
  36. Sachse, W. (1987), "Transducer considerations for pointsource/point-receiver materials measurements", Ultrasonics, 25(6), 356.
  37. Tavukcuoglu, A., Akevren, S. and Grinzato, E. (2010), "In situ examination of structural cracks at historic masonry structures by quantitative infrared thermography and ultrasonic testing", J. Modern Optics, 57(18), 1779-1789. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2010.484553
  38. Wang, Y. and Li, X. (2015), "Experimental study on cracking damage characteristics of a soil and rock mixture by UPV testing", Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 74, 775-788. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-014-0673-x
  39. Watanabe, T. and Sassa, K. (1995), "Velocity and amplitude of Pwaves transmitted through fractured zones composed of multiple thin low-velocity layers", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 32(4), 313-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(95)00008-5
  40. Uomoto, T. (2000), Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
  41. Vasanelli, E., Calia, A., Luprano, V., Micelli, F. and Tati, A. (2015), "The use of ultrasonic pulse velocity test for the diagnosis of historic masonries: The influence of frequency and applied load", Proceedings of the International Symposium Non-Destructive Testing in Civil Engineering (NDT-CE), Berlin, Germany, September.
  42. Young, R.P., Hill, T.T., Bryan, I.R. and Middleton, R. (1985), "Seismic spectroscopy in fracture characterization", Quart. J. Eng. Geol. Hydrogeol., 18(4), 459-479. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.QJEG.1985.018.04.16