Earthquakes and Structures

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

An investigation on the maximum earthquake input energy for elastic SDOF systems

  • Merter, Onur (Department of Civil Engineering, Usak University)
  • Received : 2018.12.07
  • Accepted : 2019.03.17
  • Published : 2019.04.25
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Energy-based seismic design of structures has gradually become prominent in today's structural engineering investigations because of being more rational and reliable when it is compared to traditional force-based and displacement-based methods. Energy-based approaches have widely taken place in many previous studies and investigations and undoubtedly, they are going to play more important role in future seismic design codes, too. This paper aims to compute the maximum earthquake energy input to elastic single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems for selected real ground motion records. A data set containing 100 real ground motion records which have the same site soil profiles has been selected from Pacific Earthquake Research (PEER) database. Response time history (RTH) analyses have been conducted for elastic SDOF systems having a constant damping ratio and natural periods of 0.1 s to 3.0 s. Totally 3000 RTH analyses have been performed and the maximum mass normalized earthquake input energy values for all records have been computed. Previous researchers' approaches have been compared to the results of RTH analyses and an approach which considers the pseudo-spectral velocity with Arias Intensity has been proposed. Graphs of the maximum earthquake input energy versus the maximum pseudo-spectral velocity have been obtained. The results show that there is a good agreement between the maximum input energy demands of RTH analysis and the other approaches and the maximum earthquake input energy is a relatively stable response parameter to be used for further seismic design and evaluations.

Keywords

References

  1. Akbas, B. (1997), "Energy-based earthquake resistant design of steel moment resisting frames", Ph.D. Dissertation, Graduate College of Illionis Institute of Technology, Illinois.
  2. Akbas, B. and Shen, J. (2003), "Earthquake-resistant design (EQRD) and energy concepts", Tech. J., 192, 2877-2901. (in Turkish)
  3. Akbas, B., Shen, J. and Hao, H. (2001), "Energy approach in performance-based seismic design of steel moment resisting frames for basic safety objective", Struct. Des. Tall Build., 10(3), 193-217. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.172
  4. Akbas, B., Shen, J. and Temiz, H. (2006), "Identifying the hysteretic energy demand and distribution in regular steel frames", Steel Compos. Struct., 6(6), 479-491. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2006.6.6.479
  5. Akbas, B., Tugsal, U.M. and Kara, F.I. (2009), "An evaluation of energy response and cumulative plastic rotation demand in steel moment resisting frames through dynamic/static pushover analyses", Struct. Des. Tall Spec. Build., 18(4), 405-426. https://doi.org/10.1002/tal.442
  6. Akiyama, H. (1985), Earthquake-Resistant Limit-State Design for Buildings, University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo, Japan.
  7. Arias, A. (1970), A Measure of Earthquake Intensity in Seismic Design for Nuclear Power Plants, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
  8. ASCE (2010), Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, ASCE/SEI Standard 7-10; USA.
  9. ATC (1996), Seismic Evaluation and Retrofit of Concrete Buildings, ATC-40: Applied Technology Council, Redwood City, CA, USA.
  10. Benavent-Climent, A., Pujades, L.G. and Lopez-Almansa, F. (2002), "Design energy input spectra for moderate seismicity regions", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 31, 1151-1172. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.153
  11. Bojorquez, E., Teran-Gilmore, A., Ruiz, S.E. and Reyes-Salazar, A. (2011), "Evaluation of structural reliability of steel frames: Interstory drift versus plastic hysteretic energy", Earthq. Spectra, 27(3), 661-682. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.3609856
  12. BSSC (2009), National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program Recommended Seismic Provisions for New Buildings and Other Structures, Part 1: Provisions, Building Seismic Safety Council, Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA P-750), Washington, D.C.
  13. Canadian Commission on Building and Fire Code (1995), National Building Code of Canada, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario.
  14. CEN (2004), Eurocode 8: Design of Structures for Earthquake Resistance - Part 1: General Rules, Seismic Actions and Rules for Buildings, European Committee for Standardization, Brussels, Belgium.
  15. Chopra, A.K. (1995), Dynamics of Structures, Theory and Applications to Earthquake Engineering, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J.
  16. Decanini, L.D. and Mollaioli, F. (1998), "Formulation of elastic earthquake input energy spectra", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 27, 1503-1522. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9845(199812)27:12<1503::AID-EQE797>3.0.CO;2-A
  17. Dindar, A.A., Yalcin, C., Yuksel, E., Ozkaynak, H. and Buyukozturk, O. (2015), "Development of earthquake energy demand spectra", Earthq. Spectra, 31(3), 1667-1689. https://doi.org/10.1193/011212EQS010M
  18. Enderami, S.A., Beheshti-Aval, S.B. and Saadeghvaziri, M.A. (2014), "New energy-based approach to predict seismic demands of steel moment resisting frames subjected to nearfault ground motions", Eng. Struct., 72, 182-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2014.04.029
  19. Fajfar, P. and Fischinger, M.A. (1990), "Seismic procedure including energy concept", Ninth European Conference on Earthquake Engineering (ECEE), Moscow.
  20. Fajfar, P. and Vidic, T., (1994), "Consistent inelastic design spectra: hysteretic and input energy", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 23, 523-537. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290230505
  21. Fajfar, P., Vidic, T. and Fischinger, M. (1989), "Seismic demand in medium- and long-period structures", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 18(8), 1133-1144. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290180805
  22. FEMA 440 (2005), Improvement of Nonlinear Static Seismic Analysis Procedures, Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C.
  23. Gullu, A., Yuksel, E. and Yalcin, C. (2018), "Seismic energy based design: numerical evaluation of diverse MDOF systems", Proceedings of the 16th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Thessaloniki.
  24. Gullu, A., Yuksel, E., Yalcin, C., Dindar, A.A. and Ozkaynak, H. (2017), "Experimental verification of the elastic input energy spectrum and a suggestion", Proceedings of the Interdisciplinary Perspectives for Future Building Envelopes, Istanbul, Turkey, May.
  25. Housner, G.W. (1956), "Limit design of structures to resist earthquakes", Proceedings of the 1st World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Oakland, California, USA.
  26. IBC 2006 (2006), International Building Code, International Code Council, Country Club Hills, Illinois, USA.
  27. Khashaee, P. (2004), "Energy-based seismic design and damage assessment for structures", Ph.D. Dissertation, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.
  28. Kuwamura, H. and Galambos, T.V. (1989), "Earthquake load for structural reliability", J. Struct. Eng., 115(6), 1446-1462. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1989)115:6(1446)
  29. Lee, S.S. and Goel, S.C. (2001), "Performance based design of steel moment frames using target drift and yield mechanism", Research Report (UMCEE 01-17), The University of Michigan, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering.
  30. Leelataviwat, S., Goel, S.C. and Stojadinovic, B. (2002), "Energybased seismic design of structures using yield mechanism and target drift", J. Struct. Eng., 128(8), 1046-1054. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2002)128:8(1046)
  31. Liao, W.C. (2010), "Performance-based plastic design of earthquake resistant reinforced concrete moment frames", Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
  32. Lopez-Almansa, F., Yazgan, A.U. and Benavent-Climent, A. (2013), "Design energy input spectra for high seismicity regions based on Turkish registers", Bull. Earthq. Eng., 11(4), 885-912. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10518-012-9415-2
  33. Manfredi, G. (2001), "Evaluation of seismic energy demand", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 30(4), 485-499. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.17
  34. Merter, O. and Ucar, T. (2017), "Energy-based design base shear for RC frames considering global failure mechanism and reduced hysteretic behavior", Struct. Eng. Mech., 63(1), 23-35. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2017.63.1.023
  35. Mezgebo, M. and Lui, E.M. (2016), "Hysteresis and soil site dependent input and hysteretic energy spectra for far-source ground motions", Adv. Civil Eng., 2016, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/1548319
  36. Mezgebo, M.G. (2015), "Estimation of earthquake input energy, hysteretic energy and its distribution in MDOF structures", Ph.D. Dissertation, Syracuse University, New York.
  37. Ozsarac, V., Karimzadeh, S., Erberik, M.A. and Askan, A. (2017), "Energy-based response of simple structural systems by using simulated ground motions", Procedia Eng., 199, 236-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.09.009
  38. Park, Y. and Ang, A. (1985), "Mechanistic seismic damage model for reinforced concrete", J. Struct. Eng., 111(4), 722-739. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1985)111:4(722)
  39. PEER (2018), Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center Strong Ground Motion Database, http://ngawest2.berkeley.edu/.
  40. PRISM for Earthquake Engineering (2011), A Software for Seismic Response Analysis of Single-Degree-of Freedom Systems, Department of Architectural Engineering, INHA University.
  41. Riddell, R. and Garcia, J.E. (2001), "Hysteretic energy spectrum and damage control", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 30, 1791-1816. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.93
  42. Taflampas, I.M., Maniatakis, C.A. and Spyrakos, C.C. (2008), "Estimation of input seismic energy by means of a new definition of strong motion duration", The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China.
  43. TBEC (2018), Turkish Building Earthquake Code, The Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency of Turkey, 18th of March of Official Gazette, Ankara, Turkey.
  44. Trifunac, M.D. and Brady, A.G. (1975), "A Study on the duration of strong earthquake ground motion", Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 65, 581-626.
  45. TSDC (2007), Turkish Seismic Design Code, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Ankara, Turkey
  46. Uang, C.M. and Bertero, V.V. (1990), "Evaluation of seismic energy in structures", Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., 19(1), 77-90. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.4290190108
  47. UBC (1997), Uniform Building Code, International Conference of Building Officials, Whittier, California, USA.
  48. Ucar, T., Merter, O. and Duzgun, M. (2012), "A study on determination of target displacement of RC frames using PSV spectrum and energy-balance concept", Struct. Eng. Mech., 41(6), 759-773. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2012.41.6.759
  49. Zahrah, T.F. and Hall, W.J. (1984), "Earthquake energy absorption in SDOF Structures", J. Struct. Eng., 110, 1757-1773. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1984)110:8(1757)

Cited by

  1. An energy-based approach to determine the yield force coefficient of RC frame structures vol.21, pp.1, 2019, https://doi.org/10.12989/eas.2021.21.1.037