Fig. 1. Role of sealing material and principle of main injection
Fig. 2. Step-by-step construction sequence for multi-stage grout of steel pipe
Fig. 3. Separation of materials in sealing materials (Korea Rail Network Authority, 2018a)
Fig. 4. Structure of clay minerals (Kaolinite) (Storr and Murray, 1986)
Fig. 5. Crystalline structure of bentonite (Masindi, 2015)
Fig. 6. Sealing materials mixing
Fig. 7. Gelled state visually observed when tilted 90°
Fig. 8. Bleeding observation result
Fig. 9. Test of Vicat needle penestration and results
Fig. 10. Injection tube design overview and real picture
Fig. 11. Model test sequence for sealing materials
Fig. 12. Test result of Case 1: Grout injection failed into sandy soil and Hardened sealing materials
Fig. 13. Test result of Case 2: Grout size: Long axis: 43.5 cm, Short axis: 21.75 cm, Width: 17 cm
Fig. 14. Test result of Case 3: Grout size: Width range: 6.8~12.3 cm, Average length: 20 cm
Fig. 15. Test result of material separation and viscosity (Korea Railroad Research Institute, 2018)
Table 1. Comparison of sealing material test cases (Ahn, 2018)
Table 2. Example of compounding ratio (Korea Rail Network Authority, 2018b)
Table 3. Binding table of sealing material
Table 4. Test items of sealing material
Table 5. Chemical composition and physical properties of New sealing Type
Table 6. Test Result of Vicat needle penestration
Table 7. Test Cases
References
- Ahn, J.H. (2018), Evaluation of construction management techniques and standards for the umbrella method, Master Thesis, Graduate School of Global Convergence, Korea National University of Transportation, pp. 11-35.
- Hong, S., Bae, K., Koo, H., Mun, H., Yoo, Y., Lee, Y., Lee, S. (1994), Development of umbrella arch method for tunneling difficult ground condition, Korea Institute of Construction Technology, pp. 222-225.
- Korea Rail Network Authority (2016), Construction specification in Donghae line Pohang-Samcheok railway construction section11, pp. 10-75-154.
- Korea Rail Network Authority (2018a), Report on the mixing ratio test results of sealing material and injection material for reinforcement of steel pipe multi-stage grouting, pp. 16-42.
- Korea Rail Network Authority (2018b), Small diameter steel pipe multi-stage grouting construction specification (plan), pp. 2-14.
- Korea Railroad Research Institute (2018), Study on improvement of steel tube multi-story construction method for rail tunnel reinforcement, pp. 24-38.
- Masindi, V. (2015), Remediation of acid mine drainage using magnesite and its bentonite clay composite, Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, Graduate School of Environmental Sciences, University of Venda, pp. 41.
- Storr, M., Murray, H. H. (1986), "Well-ordered kaolinite in siderite concretions from the Brazil Formation, western Indiana", Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 34, No. 6, pp. 689-691. https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1986.0340612