DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Design of interlocking masonry units and mechanical properties of masonry assemblages

  • 투고 : 2018.04.21
  • 심사 : 2019.02.06
  • 발행 : 2019.03.25

초록

This paper describes the design of a new interlocking masonry system, the production of designed interlocking units and mechanical properties of interlocked masonry assemblages with mortar. In this proposed system, units have horizontal and vertical locks to integrate the units to the wall and have a channel to enable the use of horizontal reinforcements in the wall. Using these units, unfilled, filled or reinforced walls can be constructed with or without mortar. In the production of the interlocking units, it was decided to use foamed concrete. 12 trial productions have been carried out at different mix proportions to obtain the optimum concrete mix. At the end of the mentioned productions, the units were produced with foam concrete which is selected as the most suitable in terms of compressive strength and specific gravity. Then, axial compression, diagonal tension and bed joint shear tests were carried out to determine the mechanical properties of the interlocked masonry assemblages with mortar. Results from the tests showed that interlocks designed to strengthen the system against shear stresses by creating discontinuity throughout the joints have been successful to achieve their aim. Obtained data will enable structural analysis of walls to be constructed with these new units.

키워드

과제정보

연구 과제 주관 기관 : Karadeniz Technical University

참고문헌

  1. Afifuddin, M. and Churrany, A.M. (2017), "Shear behavior of fiber foam reinforced concrete beams", Procedia Eng., 171, 994-1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2017.01.423
  2. Ali, M., Gultom, R.J. and Chouw, N. (2012), "Capacity of innovative interlocking blocks under monotonic loading", Constr. Build. Mater., 37, 812-821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.002
  3. Anand, K.B. and Ramamurthy, K. (2000), "Development and performance evaluation of interlocking-block masonry", J. Arch. Eng., 6(2), 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1076-0431(2000)6:2(45)
  4. ASTM C1314-14 (2014), Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Masonry Prisms, ASTM, USA.
  5. ASTM C140/C140M-17a (2017), Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units, ASTM, USA.
  6. ASTM E519/E519M-15 (2015), Standard Test Method for Diagonal Tension (Shear) in Masonry Assemblages, ASTM, USA.
  7. Awang, H., Ahmad, M.H. and Al-Mulali, M.Z. (2015), "Influence of Kenaf and polypropylene fibres on mechanical and durability properties of fibre reinforced lightweight foamed concrete", J. Eng. Sci. Technol., 10(4), 496-508.
  8. Awang, H., Myding, A.O. and Roslan, A.F. (2012), "Effect of additives on mechanical and thermal properties of lightweight foamed concrete", Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 3(5), 3326-3338.
  9. Ayed, H.B., Limam, O., Aidi, M. and Jelidi, A. (2016), "Experimental and numerical study of interlocking stabilized earth blocks mechanical behavior", J. Build. Eng., 7, 207-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2016.06.012
  10. Bayraktar, A., Cosgun, N. and Yalcin, A. (2007), "Damages of masonry buildings during the July 2, 2004 Dogubayazit (Agri) earthquake in Turkey", Eng. Fail. Anal., 14, 147-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2005.11.011
  11. Bing, C., Zhen, W. and Ning, L. (2012), "Experimental research on properties of high-strength foamed concrete", J. Mater. Civil Eng., 24(1), 113-118. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000353
  12. Bolhassani, M., Hamid, A.A., Lau, A.C.V. and Moon, F. (2015), "Simplified micro modeling of partially grouted masonry assemblages", Constr. Build. Mater., 83, 159-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.021
  13. BS EN 1052-3:2002 (2002), Methods of Test for Masonry. Determination of Initial Shear Strength, British Standards Institution, London, UK.
  14. Cao, W., Zhang, Y., Dong, H., Zhou, Z. and Qiao, Q. (2014), "Experimental study on the seismic performance of recycled concrete brick walls embedded with vertical reinforcement", Mater., 7(8), 5934-5958. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma7085934
  15. Celep, Z., Erken, A., Taskin, B. and Ilki A. (2011), "Failures of masonry and concrete buildings during the March 8, 2010, Kovancilar and Palu (Elazig) Earthquakes in Turkey", Eng. Fail. Anal., 18, 868-889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2010.11.001
  16. Chen, B. and Liu, N. (2013), "A novel lightweight concretefabrication and its thermal and mechanical properties", Constr. Build. Mater., 44, 691-698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.03.091
  17. Chindaprasirt, P. and Rattanasak, U. (2011), "Shrinkage behavior of structural foam lightweight concrete containing glycol compounds and fly ash", Mater. Des., 32, 723-727. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2010.07.036
  18. Dogangun, A., Ural A. and Livaoglu R. (2008), "Seismic performance of masonry buildings during recent earthquakes in Turkey", The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China, October.
  19. Fay, L., Cooper, P. and Morais, H.F. (2014), "Innovative interlocked soil-cement block for the construction of masonry to eliminate the settling mortar", Constr. Build. Mater., 52, 391-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.030
  20. FEMA (1998), Evaluation of Earthquake Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Building, Federal Emergency Management Agency, FEMA 306, Washington D.C, USA.
  21. Haach, V.G., Vasconcelos, G. and Lourenco, P.B. (2010), "Experimental analysis of reinforced concrete block masonry walls subjected to in-plane cyclic loading", J. Struct. Eng., 136(4), 452-462. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0000125
  22. Hadipramana, J., Samad, A.A.A., Ibrahim, R., Mohamad, N. and Venny Riza, F. (2015), "The energy absorption of modified foamed concrete with rice husk ash subjected to impact loading", (ARPN) J. Eng. Appl. Sci., 11(12), 7437-7442.
  23. Hadipramana, J., Samad, A.A.A., Zaidi, A.M.A., Mohammad, N. and Ali, N. (2013), "Contribution of polypropylene fibre in improving strength of foamed concrete", Adv. Mat. Res., 626, 762-768. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.626.762
  24. Hilal, A.A., Thom, N.H. and Dawson, A.R. (2015), "On void structure and strength of foamed concrete made without/with additives", Constr. Build. Mater., 85, 157-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.03.093
  25. Jitchaiyaphum, K., Sinsiri, T. and Chindaprasirt, P. (2011), "Cellular lightweight concrete containing pozzolan materials", Procedia Eng., 14, 1157-1164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.145
  26. Jones, M.R. and McCarthy, A. (2005), "Preliminary views on the potential of foamed concrete as a structural material", Mag. Concrete Res., 57(1), 21-31. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2005.57.1.21
  27. Karaca, Z., Turkeli, E. and Pergel, S. (2017), "Seismic assessment of historical masonry structures: The case of Amasya Tashan", Comput. Concrete, 20(4), 409-418. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2017.20.4.409
  28. Khan, H.A., Nanda, R.P. and Das, D. (2017), "In-plane strength of masonry panel strengthened with geosynthetic", Constr. Build. Mater., 156, 351-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.169
  29. Kunhanandan Nambiar, E.K. and Ramamurthy, K. (2006), "Influence of filler type on the properties of foam concrete", Cement Concrete Compos., 28(5), 475-480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2005.12.001
  30. Kunhanandan Nambiar, E.K. and Ramamurthy, K. (2007), "Airvoid characterisation of foam concrete", Cement Concrete Res., 37(2), 221-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2006.10.009
  31. Lee, Y.H., Shek, P.N. and Mohammad S. (2017), "Structural performance of reinforced interlocking blocks column", Constr. Build. Mater., 142, 469-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.03.110
  32. Leeanansaksiri, A., Panyakapo, P. and Ruangrassamee, A. (2018), "Seismic capacity of masonry infilled RC frame strengthening with expanded metal ferrocement", Eng. Struct., 159, 110-127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.12.034
  33. Liu, D., Wang, F., Fu, F. and Wang, H. (2017), "Experimental research on the failure mechanism of foam concrete with CChannel embedment", Comput. Concrete, 20(3), 263-273. https://doi.org/10.12989/CAC.2017.20.3.263
  34. Mirandi, T., Silva, R.A., Oliveira, D.V., Leitao, D., Cristelo, N. and Oliveira, J. (2017), "ICEBs stabilised with alkali-activated fly ash as a renewed approach for green building: Exploitation of the masonry mechanical performance", Constr. Build. Mater., 155, 65-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.08.045
  35. Murthy, A.R.C., Ganapathi, S.C., Iyer, N.R., Lakshmanan, N. and Bhagavan, N.G. (2012), "Experimental and numerical investigation on in-plane behaviour of hollow concrete block masonry panels", Comput. Concrete, 10(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2012.10.1.001
  36. Narayanan, J.S. and Ramamurthy, K. (2013), "Development of solid, foam concrete interlocking block and studies on short masonry specimen", Masonry Int J. Int. Masonry Soc., 26(1), 7-16.
  37. Nazar, M.E. and Sinha, S.N. (2006), "Influence of bed joint orientation on interlocking grouted stabilised mud-flyash brick masonry under cyclic compressive loading", Struct. Eng. Mech., 24(5), 585-599. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2006.24.5.585
  38. Oyguc, R. and Oyguc, E. (2017), "2011 Van Earthquakes: Lessons from damaged masonry structures", J. Perform. Constr. Facil., 31(5), 04017062. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001057
  39. Ramamurthy, K. and Nambiar, E.K.K. (2004), "Accelerated masonry construction review and future prospects", Prog. Struct. Eng. Mater., 6(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/pse.162
  40. Rasheed, M.A. and Prakash, S.S. (2015), "Mechanical behavior of sustainable hybridsynthetic fiber reinforced cellular light weight concrete for structural applications of masonry", Constr. Build. Mater., 98, 631-640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.08.137
  41. Smith, E. (2010), "Interlocking stabilised soil blocks: appropriate technology that doesn't cost the earth", Struct. Eng., 88(15-16), 25-29.
  42. Sokairge, H., Rashad, A. and Elshafie, H. (2017), "Behavior of post-tensioned dry-stack interlocking masonry walls under out of plane loading", Constr. Build. Mater., 133, 348-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.071
  43. Sousa, R., Sousa, H. and Guedes, J. (2013), "Diagonal compressive strength of masonry samples-experimental and numerical approach", Mater. Struct., 46, 765-786. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9933-z
  44. Sturm, T., Ramos, L.F. and Lourenco, P.B. (2015), "Characterization of dry-stack interlocking compressed earth blocks", Mater. Struct., 48(9), 3059-3074. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-014-0379-3
  45. TEC (2007), Turkish Earthquake Regulation, Specifications for the Building to be Constructed in Disaster Areas, Ministry of Public Works and Settlement, Ankara, Turkey.
  46. Thanoon, W.A., Alwathaf, A.H., Noorzaei, J., Jaafar, M.S. and Abdulkadir, M.R. (2008), "Nonlinear finite element analysis of grouted and ungrouted hollow interlocking mortarless block masonry system", Eng. Struct., 30, 1560-1572. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2007.10.014
  47. Tomazevic, M. (2000), "Shaking table tests of small-scale models of masonry buildings: Advantages and disadvantages", Massivbau 2000: Forschung, Entwicklungen, Anwendungen, 67-83.
  48. TS 2510 (1977), Design and Construction Method of Masonry Buildings, Turkish Standards Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
  49. TS 802 (2009), Design Concrete Mixes, Turkish Standards Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
  50. Voon, K.C. and Ingham, J.M. (2008), "Experimental in-plane strength investigation of reinforced concrete masonry walls with openings", J. Struct. Eng., 134(5), 758-768. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2008)134:5(758)
  51. Zhang, X., Singh, S., Bull, D. and Cooke, N. (2001), "Out of plane performance of reinforced masonry walls with openings", J. Struct. Eng., 127, 51-57. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(2001)127:1(51)
  52. Zhang, Z., Provis, J.L., Reid, A. and Wang H. (2015), "Mechanical, thermal insulation, thermal resistance and acoustic absorption properties of geopolymer foam concrete", Cement Concrete Compos., 62, 97-105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.03.013