영국 녹지 정책과 녹지 평가 발달에 대한 이해: Green Flag Award를 중심으로

An understanding of green space policies and evaluation tools in the UK: A focus on the Green Flag Award

Abstract

Green spaces are recognised for the benefits. They bring to the quality of people's lives. However, since the 1980s there has been a general increase in poorly-managed green spaces. In an attempt to address this issue, green space policy has changed its focus on green space management through the gradual introduction of green space evaluation tools, such as the Green Flag Award (GFA). The GFA, as an established green space evaluation tool in the UK, reflects a shift in policy drivers of green spaces management. However, there is a lack of research investigating the contextualisation between a wide range of policy contexts and such green space evaluation tools (the GFA in this study). The aims of this study are therefore to explore the development of green space evaluation since the late 1990s, with respect to the growth of the GFA and its impact on other evaluation tools across the UK and several countries. To address the aims, this study employs in-depth literature reviews on UK green space policy mainly conducted by government. In addition, case studies are presented, focusing on the GFA and independent green space evaluation tools intrinsically derived from the GFA in the UK's cities and Nordic countries. Results show that based on the awareness of the severity of declining standards of green spaces, newly emerging policy arrangements have been adopted to address negative issues, which affect the standard of green spaces such as the transfer of responsibility for green space management, the implementation of Compulsory Competitive Tendering and ongoing budget cuts. Significantly, the GFA's indicators reflect the emerging changes of economic and social contexts associated with green spaces management where, in particular, the prospect of continuous budget cuts, which encourages communities to become involved in green space management. The GFA has widely contributed to leading such UK's cities and other countries to be able to create their independent green space evaluation tools in different approaches based on stakeholders' (mainly community) involvement in the decision-making process of green space evaluation. In conclusion, this study implies that successful green space evaluation tools do embody the value of green spaces and address drivers of emerging green space management with correspondence to the context of policy arrangements. Importantly, stakeholders have an opportunity to be involved in a partnership in the decision-making process through some green space evaluation tools. It is hoped that for well-managed green spaces this study will contribute valuable knowledge to our existing understanding of green space management in an era of austerity.

Figure 1. Revenue Expenditure and Financing by service between 2007 and 2016 (£ million) Reformed graphs: Original sources adapted from Local authority revenue expenditure and financing, (DCLG, 2007-2016).

Figure 2. The development of Green Flag Award and the number of winning sites Reformed figure: Original sources adapted from Greenhalgh and Parsons, 2004 and Green Flag Award website

Figure 3. The citywide judging criteria average scores between 2008 and 2010 in Edinburgh Sources adapted from Green Flag Award & Parks and Greenspace Quality Assessments, Edinburgh City Council, 2010

Figure 4. Developing Nordic Green Space Award Reformed figure: Original sources adapted from Lindholst et al. 2016

Table 1. Criteria of Public Parks Assessment

Table 2. Green spaces-related policies and strategies after The New Labour Government

Table 3. Assessment criteria for the Sheffield Standard