그림 1. 전 처리 수행 전의 IR-UWB 레이다 신호 Fig. 1. IR-UWB radar signal before applying signal prepro-cessing.
그림 2. 전 처리 수행 후의 IR-UWB 레이다 신호 Fig. 2. IR-UWB radar signal after applying signal prepro-cessing.
그림 3. 변형된 CLEAN 알고리즘 순서도 Fig. 3. The flowchart of modified CLEAN algorithm.
그림 4. 변형된 CLEAN 알고리즘의 임계값 설정 Fig. 4. Threshold settings of modified CLEAN algorithm.
그림 5. 다층 퍼셉트론 분류기 Fig. 5. The multi-layer perceptron classifier.
그림 6. 실험 장소 1(트인 실내 공간) Fig. 6. Place of experiment 1(open indoor space).
그림 7. 실험 장소 2(막힌 실내 공간) Fig. 7. Place of experiment 2(closed indoor space).
그림 8. 실시간 인원 추정 Fig. 8. Real-time people counting.
그림 9. 트인 실내 공간에서의 계수 추정 오차 행렬 Fig. 9. Confusion matrix of people counting in open indoor space.
그림 10. 닫힌 실내 공간에서의 계수 추정 오차 행렬 Fig. 10. Confusion matrix of people counting in closed in-door space.
그림 11. 트인 환경과 닫힌 환경에서의 계수 추정 결과 Fig. 11. The result of people counting in open and closed environment.
표 1. IR-UWB 레이다 사양 Table 1. The specification of an IR-UWB radar.
참고문헌
- A. Zanella, N. Bui, A. Castellani, L. Vangelista, and M. Zorzi, "Internet of things for smart cities," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 22-32, Feb. 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2014.2306328
- W. Balid, H. H. Refai, "On the development of self-powered IoT sensor for real-time traffic monitoring in smart cities," 2017 IEEE Sensors, Glasgow, Oct. 2017, pp. 1-3.
- T. Joseph, R. Jenu, A. K. Assis, V. A. S. Kumar, P. M. Sasi, and G. Alexander, "IoT middleware for smart city: An integrated and centrally managed IoT middleware for smart city," in 2017 IEEE Region 10 Symposium(TENSYMP), Cochin, Jul. 2017, pp. 1-5.
- C. Zeng, H. Ma, "Robust head-shoulder detection by PCAbased multilevel HOG-LBP detector for people counting," in 2010 20th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Istanbul, Aug. 2010, pp. 2069-2072.
- Y. L. Hou, G. K. H. Pang, "People counting and human detection in a challenging situation," IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics-Part A: Systems and Humans, vol. 41, no. 1, pp. 24-33, Jan. 2011. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMCA.2010.2064299
- C. N. Padole, H. Proenca, "Periocular recognition: Analysis of performance degradation factors," in 2012 5th IAPR International Conference on Biometrics(ICB), New Delhi, Mar. 2012, pp. 439-445.
- J. W. Choi, X. Quan, and S. H. Cho, "Bi-directional passing people counting system based on IR-UWB radar sensors," IEEE Internet of Things Journal, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 512-522, Apr. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2017.2714181
- F. Wahl, M. Milenkovic, and O. Amft, "A distributed pir-based approach for estimating people count in office environments," in 2012 IEEE 15th International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering, Nicosia, Dec. 2012, pp. 640-647.
- J. D. Taylor, Introduction to Ultra-Wideband Radar Systems, Boca Raton, CRC Press, 1994.
- J. W. Choi, S. S. Nam, and S. H. Cho, "Multi-human detection algorithm based on an impulse radio ultrawideband radar system," IEEE Access, vol. 4, pp. 10300-10309, Jan. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2016.2647226
- J. W. Choi, J. H. Kim, and S. H. Cho, "A counting algorithm for multiple objects using an IR-UWB radar system," in 2012 3rd IEEE International Conference on Network Infrastructure and Digital Content, Beijing, Sep. 2012, pp. 591-595.
- J. W. Choi, S. H. Cho, "A crowdedness measurement algorithm using an IR-UWB radar sensor," in International Conference on Future Communication, Information and Computer Science(FCICS), Beijing, May 2014, pp. 119-122.
- X. Yang, W. Yin, and L. Zhang, "People counting based on CNN using IR-UWB radar," in 2017 IEEE/CIC International Conference on Communications in China (ICCC), Qingdao, Oct. 2017, pp. 1-5.
- J. W. Choi, D. H. Yim, and S. H. Cho, "People counting based on an IR-UWB radar sensor," IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 17, no. 17, pp. 5717-5727, Sep. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2017.2723766
- K. T. Kim, D. K. Seo, and H. T. Kim "Efficient radar target recognition using the MUSIC algorithm and invariant features," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 325-337, Mar. 2002. https://doi.org/10.1109/8.999623
- R. O. Duda, P. E. Hart, and D. G. Stork, Pattern Classification, New York, NY, John Wiley & Sons, 2012.
- C. M. Van der Walt, E. Barnard, "Data characteristics that determine classifier performance," SAIEE Africa Research Journal, vol. 98, no. 3, pp. 87-93, Nov. 2006.