Geomechanics and Engineering

Techno-Press (테크노프레스)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Optimization of hydraulic section of irrigation canals in cold regions based on a practical model for frost heave

  • Wang, Songhe (Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology) ;
  • Wang, Qinze (Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology) ;
  • An, Peng (College of Geology Engineering and Geomatics, Chang'an University) ;
  • Yang, Yugui (State Key Laboratory for Geomechanics and Deep Underground Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology) ;
  • Qi, Jilin (College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture) ;
  • Liu, Fengyin (Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology)
  • Received : 2017.11.25
  • Accepted : 2018.01.03
  • Published : 2019.02.10
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

An optimal hydraulic section is critical for irrigated water conservancy in seasonal frozen ground due to a large proportion of water leakage, as investigated by in-situ surveys. This is highly correlated with the frost heave of underlain soils in cold season. This paper firstly derived a practical model for frost heave of clayey soils, with temperature dependent thermal indexes incorporating phase change effect. A model test carried out on clay was used to verify the rationality of the model. A novel approach for optimizing the cross-section of irrigation canals in cold regions was suggested with live updated geometry characterized by three unique geometric constraints including slope of canal, ratio of practical flow section to the optimal and lining thickness. Allowable frost heave deformation and tensile stress in canal lining are utilized as standard in computation iterating with geometry updating while the construction cost per unit length is regarded as the eventual target in optimization. A typical section along the Jinghui irrigation canal was selected to be optimized with the above requirements satisfied. Results prove that the optimized hydraulic section exhibits smaller frost heave deformation, lower tensile stress and lower construction cost.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : National Natural Science Foundation of China

References

  1. Akagawa, S. (1988), "Experimental study of frozen fringe characteristics", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 15(3), 209-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-232X(88)90068-7
  2. Anderson D.M. and Tice A.R. (1973), The Unfrozen Interfacial Phase in Frozen Soil Water System, in Physical Aspects of Soil Water and Salts in Ecosystems, Ecological Studies (Analysis and Synthesis), Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, Germany.
  3. Arenson, L.U., Xia, D.D., Sego, D. and Biggar, K.W. (2005), "Brine and unfrozen water migration during the freezing of Devon silt", Proceedings of the 4th Biennial Workshop on Assessment and Remediation of Contaminated Sites in Arctic and Cold Climates (ARCSACC), Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, May.
  4. Azmatch, T.F., Sego, D.C., Arenson, L.U. and Biggar, K.W. (2012), "New ice lens initiation condition for frost heave in fine-grained soils", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 82, 8-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.05.003
  5. Black, P.B. and Miller, R.D. (1990), "Hydraulic conductivity and unfrozen water content of air-free frozen silt", Water Resour. Res., 26(2), 323-329. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR026i002p00323
  6. Black, P.B. (1995), "Rigidice model of secondary frost heave", CRREL Report 95-12.
  7. Dash, J.G. (1989), "Thermomolecular pressure in surface melting: motivation for frost heave", Science, 246(4937), 1591. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.246.4937.1591
  8. GB/T50600-2010. (2011), Technical Code for Seepage Control Engineering on Canal, Appendix C, The ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China, China Planning Press, Beijing, China.
  9. Huang, Q. (2014), "Impact evaluation of the irrigation management reform in northern China", Water Resour. Res., 50(5), 4323-4340. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013WR015192
  10. Itasca (1999), FLAC Manual: Theoretical Background, Itasca Consulting Group, Minneapolis, Minnesota, U.S.A.
  11. Konrad, J.M. (1993), "Sixteenth Canadian Geotechnical Colloquium: frost heave in soils: Concepts and engineering", Can. Geotech. J., 31(2), 223-245. https://doi.org/10.1139/t94-028
  12. Kujala, K. (1994), "Factors affecting frost susceptibility and heaving pressure in soils", Ph.D. Thesis, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
  13. Lai, Y.M., Zhang, M.Y. and Li, S.Y. (2009), Engineering Theory and Application in Cold Regions Engineering, Science Press, Beijing, China (in Chinese).
  14. Lai, Y.M., Zhang, X.F., Xiao, J.Z., Zhang, S.J. and Liu, Z.Q. (2005), "Nonlinear analyses for frost-heaving force of land bridges on Qinghai-Tibet Railway in cold regions", J. Therm. Stress., 28(3), 317-331. https://doi.org/10.1080/01495730590909531
  15. Li, S.H., Wang, Y. and Cao, H.X. (2001), "Anomalous features of geotemperature in the depth of 10 m by Gaoling observation point before the 1998 Jingyang Ms4.8 earthquake, Shaanxi Province", Northwest. Seismol. J., 23(2), 117-119 (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1000-0844.2001.02.003
  16. Li, S.Y., Zhang, M.G., Tian, Y.B., Pei, W.S. and Zhong, H. (2015), "Experimental and numerical investigation on frost damage mechanism of a canal in cold regions", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 116, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2015.03.013
  17. Liu, B. and Li, D.Y. (2012), "A simple test method to measure unfrozen water content in clay-water system", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 78, 97-106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2012.02.001
  18. Ma, W., Zhang, L. and Yang, C. (2015), "Discussion of the applicability of the generalized Clausius-Clapeyron equation and the frozen fringe process", Earth-Sci. Rev., 142, 47-59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.01.003
  19. Mei, Y., Hu, C.M., Yuan, Y.L., Wang, X.Y. and Zhao, N. (2016), "Experimental study on deformation and strength property of compacted loess", Geomech. Eng., 11(1), 161-175. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2016.11.1.161
  20. Nixon, J.F. (1991), "Discrete ice lens theory for frost heave in soils", Can. Geotech. J., 28(6), 843-859. https://doi.org/10.1139/t91-102
  21. Qi, J.L., Sheng, Y., Zhang, J.M. and Wen, Z. (2007), "Settlement of embankments in permafrost regions in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau", Norw. J. Geogr., 61(2), 49-55.
  22. Qi, J.L. and Zhang, J.M. (2008), "Definition of warm permafrost based on mechanical properties of frozen soils", Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Permafrost, Fairbanks, Alaska, U.S.A., July.
  23. Qian, Z.Z., Lu, X.L., Yang, W.Z. and Cui, Q. (2014), "Behaviour of micropiles in collapsible loess under tension or compression load", Geomech. Eng., 7(5), 477-493. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.7.5.477
  24. Qian, Z.Z., Lu, X.L., Yang, W.Z. and Cui, Q. (2016), "Comparative field tests on uplift behavior of straight-sided and belled shafts in loess under an arid environment", Geomech. Eng., 11(1), 141-160. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2016.11.1.141
  25. Romanovsky, V.E. and Osterkamp, T.E. (2015), "Effects of unfrozen water on heat and mass transport processes in the active layer and permafrost", Permafrost Periglac., 11(3), 219-239. https://doi.org/10.1002/1099-1530(200007/09)11:3<219::AID-PPP352>3.0.CO;2-7
  26. Thomas, H.R., Cleall, P.J., Li, Y., Harris, C. and Kern-Luetschg, M. (2009), "Modelling of cryogenic processes in permafrost and seasonally frozen soils", Geotechnique, 59(3), 173-184. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2009.59.3.173
  27. Wang, S.H., Qi, J.L., Yin, Z.Y., Zhang, J.M. and Ma, W. (2014), "A simple rheological element based creep model for frozen soils", Cold Reg. Sci. Technol., 106, 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.06.007
  28. Wang, C.D., Zhou, S.H., Wang, B.L., Guo, P.J. and Su, H. (2016a), "Settlement behavior and controlling effectiveness of two types of rigid pile structure embankments in high-speed railways", Geomech. Eng., 11(6), 847-865. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2016.11.6.847
  29. Wang, S.H., Qi, J.L., Yu, F. and Liu, F. (2016b), "A novel modeling of settlement of foundations in permafrost regions", Geomech. Eng., 10(2), 225-245. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2016.10.2.225
  30. Watanabe, K., Mizoguchi, M., Ishizaki, T. and Fukuda, M. (1997), "Experimental study on microstructure near freezing front during soil freezing", Proceedings of the International Symposium on Ground Freezing and Frost Action in Soils, Lulea, Sweden, April.
  31. Yao, X.L., Qi, J.L. and Wu, W. (2012), "Three dimensional analysis of large strain thaw consolidation in permafrost", Acta Geotech., 7(3), 193-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11440-012-0162-y
  32. Yao, X., Qi, J., Liu, M. and Yu, F. (2016), "Pore water pressure distribution and dissipation during thaw consolidation", Transport Porous Med., 116(2), 1-17.
  33. Zakir, H.M., Islam, M.M. and Hossain, M.S. (2016), "Impact of urbanization and industrialization on irrigation water quality of a canal-a case study of Tongi canal, Bangladesh", Adv. Environ. Res., 5(2), 109-123. https://doi.org/10.12989/aer.2016.5.2.109
  34. Zhu, Q. (1991), "Frost heave prevention measures for canal lining in China", Irrig. Drain. Syst., 5(4), 293-306. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01102828

Cited by

  1. Experimental Study on Normal Frost-Heave Force Generated from Loess upon Freezing considering Multiple Factors vol.2019, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1237105
  2. Experimental Study on Normal Frost-Heave Force Generated from Loess upon Freezing considering Multiple Factors vol.2019, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1237105
  3. Effect of Drainage Failure of Diversion Channel on Anti-Floating Characteristics of Inning Structure vol.719, pp.2, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/719/2/022064