Geomechanics and Engineering

  • 제17권1호
  • /
  • Pages.31-45
  • /
  • 2019
  • /
  • 2005-307X(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2092-6219(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Physical and numerical modelling of the inherent variability of shear strength in soil mechanics

  • Chenari, Reza Jamshidi (Faculty of Engineering, University of Guilan) ;
  • Fatahi, Behzad (School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney (UTS)) ;
  • Ghoreishi, Malahat (Faculty of Engineering, University of Guilan) ;
  • Taleb, Ali (Faculty of Engineering, University of Guilan)
  • 투고 : 2018.06.27
  • 심사 : 2018.12.05
  • 발행 : 2019.01.20
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

In this study the spatial variability of soils is substantiated physically and numerically by using random field theory. Heterogeneous samples are fabricated by combining nine homogeneous soil clusters that are assumed to be elements of an adopted random field. Homogeneous soils are prepared by mixing different percentages of kaolin and bentonite at water contents equivalent to their respective liquid limits. Comprehensive characteristic laboratory tests were carried out before embarking on direct shear experiments to deduce the basic correlations and properties of nine homogeneous soil clusters that serve to reconstitute the heterogeneous samples. The tests consist of Atterberg limits, and Oedometric and unconfined compression tests. The undrained shear strength of nine soil clusters were measured by the unconfined compression test data, and then correlations were made between the water content and the strength and stiffness of soil samples with different consistency limits. The direct shear strength of heterogeneous samples of different stochastic properties was then evaluated by physical and numerical modelling using FISH code programming in finite difference software of $FLAC^{3D}$. The results of the experimental and stochastic numerical analyses were then compared. The deviation of numerical simulations from direct shear load-displacement profiles taken from different sources were discussed, potential sources of error was introduced and elaborated. This study was primarily to explain the mathematical and physical procedures of sample preparation in stochastic soil mechanics. It can be extended to different problems and applications in geotechnical engineering discipline to take in to account the variability of strength and deformation parameters.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Al-Bittar, T. and Soubra, A.H. (2013), "Bearing capacity of strip footings on spatially random soils using sparse polynomial chaos expansion", Int. J. Numer. Anal. Meth. Geomech., 37(13), 2039-2060. https://doi.org/10.1002/nag.2120
  2. American Society for Testing and Materials, (1999), Standard Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12400 ft-lb f/ft3(600kn-m/m3))1, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM D698, Vol.4.08, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  3. ASTM, D. 1994. 4318-93 (1994), Standard Test Method for the Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit and Plasticity Index of Soils, in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., 551-561.
  4. ASTM D 854-02 (2013), Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  5. ASTM D.2166, (2016), Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  6. ASTM D 698-07 (2013), Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  7. ASTM, D. 2435-96. (1998), Standard Test Method for Onedimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils, in Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  8. Azari, B., Fatahi, B. and Khabbaz, H. (2016), "Assessment of the elastic-viscoplastic behavior of soft soils improved with vertical drains capturing reduced shear strength of a disturbed zone", Int. J. Geomech., 16(1), B4014001 https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000448
  9. Bagherzadeh-Khalkhali, A. and Mirghasemi, A.A. (2009), "Numerical and experimental direct shear tests for coarsegrained soils", Particuology, 7(1), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2008.11.006
  10. Bro, A.D., Stewart, J.P. and Pradel, D. (2013), "Estimating undrained strength of clays from direct shear testing at fast displacement rates", Proceedings of the Geo-Congress 2013: Stability and Performance of Slopes and Embankments III, San Diego, California, U.S.A.
  11. Dakshanamurthy, V. and Raman, V. (1973), "A simple method of identifying an expansive soil", Soil. Found., 13(1), 97-104. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf1972.13.97
  12. Deb, K. and Majee, A. (2014), "Probability-based design charts for stone column-improved ground", Geomech. Eng., 7(5), 539-552. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.7.5.539
  13. El-Emam, M., Attom, M. and Khan, Z. (2012), "Numerical prediction of plane strain properties of sandy soil from direct shear test", Int. J. Geotech. Eng., 6(1), 79-90. https://doi.org/10.3328/IJGE.2012.06.01.79-90
  14. El-Kadi, A.I. and Williams, S.A. (2000), "Generating twodimensional fields of autocorrelated, normally distributed parameters by the matrix decomposition technique", Groundwater, 38(4), 530-532. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6584.2000.tb00245.x
  15. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V. (2002), "Probabilistic foundation settlement on spatially random soil", J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 128(5), 381-390. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2002)128:5(381)
  16. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths, D.V. (2003), "Bearing-capacity prediction of spatially random c $\phi$ soils", Can. Geotech. J., 40(1), 54-65. https://doi.org/10.1139/t02-086
  17. Fenton, G.A. and Griffiths D.V. (2008), Risk Assessment in Geotechnical Engineering, Wiley, New York, U.S.A.
  18. Garzon, L.X., Caicedo, B., Sanchez-Silva, M. and Phoon, K.K. (2015), "Physical modelling of soil uncertainty", Int. J. Phys. Modell. Geotech., 15(1), 19-34. https://doi.org/10.1680/ijpmg.14.00012
  19. Gibson, R.E. (1953), "Experimental determination of the true cohesion and true angle of internal friction in clays", Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering (ICSMFE), Switzerland, August.
  20. Griffiths, D.V., Fenton, G.A. and Manoharan, N. (2006), "Undrained bearing capacity of two-strip footings on spatially random soil", Int. J. Geomech., 6(6), 421-427. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2006)6:6(421)
  21. Grim, R.E. (1962), "Applied clay mineralogy", Science, 135 (3507), 890-898. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.135.3507.890
  22. GuhaRay, A. and Baidya, D.K. (2014), "Partial safety factors for retaining walls and slopes: A reliability-based approach", Geomech. Eng., 6(2), 99-115. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.6.2.099
  23. Haldar, S. and Babu, G.S. (2008), "Effect of soil spatial variability on the response of laterally loaded pile in undrained clay", Comput. Geotech., 35(4), 537-547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2007.10.004
  24. Hicks, M.A. and Spencer, W.A. (2010), "Influence of heterogeneity on the reliability and failure of a long 3D slope", Comput. Geotech., 37(7), 948-955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2010.08.001
  25. Huang, X.C., Zhou, X.P., Ma, W., Niu, Y.W. and Wang, Y.T., (2016), "Two-dimensional stability assessment of rock slopes based on random field", Int. J. Geomech., 17(7), 04016155. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000858
  26. Hvorslev, M.J. (1961), Physical Components of the Shear Strength of Saturated Clays (No. WES-MP-3-428), Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississipi, U.S.A.
  27. Jamshidi Chenari, R. and Oloomi Dodaran, R. (2011), "Evaluation of the heterogeneity in deformability of natural alluvial deposits using random field theory", Sharif J. Sci. Res., 27(4), 75-83.
  28. Jamshidi Chenari, R. and Mahigir, A. (2014), "The effect of spatial variability and anisotropy of soils on bearing capacity of shallow foundations", Civ. Eng. Infrastruct. J., 47(2), 199-213.
  29. Jamshidi Chenari, R., Zhalehjoo, N. and Karimian, A. (2014), "Estimation on bearing capacity of shallow foundations in heterogeneous deposits using analytical and numerical methods", Sci. Iranica. Trans. A Civ. Eng., 21(3), 505.
  30. Jamshidi Chenari, R. and Alaie, R. (2015), "Effects of anisotropy in correlation structure on the stability of an undrained clay slope", Georisk Assess. Manage. Risk Eng. Syst. Geohazard., 9(2), 109-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2015.1037844
  31. Jamshidi Chenari, R. and Kamyab Farahbakhsh, H. (2015), "Generating non-stationary random fields of auto-correlated, normally distributed CPT profile by matrix decomposition method", Georisk Assess. Manage. Risk Eng. Syst. Geohazard., 9(2), 96-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/17499518.2015.1033429
  32. Jamshidi Chenari, R., Ghorbani, A., Eslami, A. and Mirabbasi, F. (2018a), "Behavior of piled raft foundation on heterogeneous clay deposits using random field theory", Civ. Eng. Infrastruct. J., 51(1), 35-54.
  33. Jamshidi Chenari, R., Kamyab Farahbakhsh, H., Heidarie Golafzani, S. and Eslami, A. (2018b), "Non-stationary realisation of CPT data: Considering lithological and inherent heterogeneity", Georisk Assess. Manage. Risk Eng. Syst. Geohazard., 1-14.
  34. Ji, J. and Liao, H.J. (2014), "Sensitivity-based reliability analysis of earth slopes using finite element method", Geomech. Eng., 6(6), 545-560. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2014.6.6.545
  35. Jimenez, R. and Sitar, N. (2009), "The importance of distribution types on finite element analyses of foundation settlement", Comput. Geotech., 36(3), 474-483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compgeo.2008.05.003
  36. Kasama, K. and Zen, K. (2011), Effects of Spatial Variability of Soil Property on Slope Stability, in Vulnerability, Uncertainty, and Risk: Analysis, Modeling, and Management, 691-698.
  37. Koumoto, T. and Houlsby, G.T. (2001), "Theory and practice of the fall cone test", Geotechnique, 51(8), 701-712. https://doi.org/10.1680/geot.2001.51.8.701
  38. Le, T.M., Fatahi, B., Khabbaz, H. and Sun, W. (2017), "Numerical optimization applying trust-region reflective least squares algorithm with constraints to optimize the non-linear creep parameters of soft soil", Appl. Math. Modell., 41(1), 236-256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2016.08.034
  39. Fatahi, B. and Le, T.M. (2016), "Trust-region reflective optimisation to obtain soil visco-plastic properties", Eng. Comput. Int. J. Comput.-aid. Eng. Software, 32(2), 410-442.
  40. Lim, K., Cassidy, M.J., Li, A.J. and Lyamin, A.V., (2016), "Mean parametric Monte Carlo study of fill slopes", Int. J. Geomech., 17(4), 04016105. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0000812
  41. Lombardi, M., Cardarilli, M. and Raspa, G. (2017), "Spatial variability analysis of soil strength to slope stability assessment", Geomech. Eng., 12(3), 483-503. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2017.12.3.483
  42. Lu, X.L., Qian, Z.Z., Zheng, W.F. and Yang, W.Z. (2016), "Characterization and uncertainty of uplift load-displacement behaviour of belled piers", Geomech. Eng., 11(2), 211-234. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2016.11.2.211
  43. Nguyen, L. and Fatahi, B. (2016), "Behaviour of clay treated with cement & fibre while capturing cementation degradation and fibre failure-C3F Model", Int. J. Plasticity, 81(1), 168-195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijplas.2016.01.015
  44. Nguyen, L., Fatahi, B. and Khabbaz, H. (2017), "Development of a constitutive model to predict the behavior of cement-treated clay during cementation degradation: C3 Model", Int. J. Geomech., 17(7), 04017010. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000863
  45. Park, J.W. and Song, J.J. (2009), "Numerical simulation of a direct shear test on a rock joint using a bonded-particle model", Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci., 46(8), 1315-1328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.03.007
  46. Parsa-Pajouh, A., Fatahi, B. and Khabbaz, H. (2016), "Experimental and numerical investigations to evaluate twodimensional modeling of vertical drain-assisted preloading", Int. J. Geomech., 16(1), B4015003. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000507
  47. Popescu, R., Deodatis, G. and Nobahar, A. (2005), "Effects of random heterogeneity of soil properties on bearing capacity", Prob. Eng. Mech., 20(4), 324-341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2005.06.003
  48. Schmertmann, J.H. and Osterberg, J.O. (1960), "An experimental study of the development of cohesion and friction with axial strain in saturated cohesive soils", Proceedings of the Research Conference on Shear Strength of Cohesive Soils, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A., June.
  49. Schmertmann, J.H. (1964), Generalizing and Measuring the Hvorslev Effective Components of Resistance with Discussion, in Laboratory Shear Testing of Soils, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
  50. Shrestha, S., Ravichandran, N. and Rahbari, P. (2017), "Geotechnical design and design optimization of a pile-raft foundation for tall onshore wind turbines in multilayered clay", Int. J. Geomech., 18(2), 04017143. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)gm.1943-5622.0001061
  51. Sridharan, A. and Nagaraj, H.B. (2005), "Plastic limit and compaction characteristics of fine grained soils", Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. Ground Improv., 9(1), 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1680/grim.2005.9.1.17
  52. Srivastava, A. and Babu, G.S. (2011), "Deflection and buckling of buried flexible pipe-soil system in a spatially variable soil profile", Geomech. Eng., 3(3), 169-188. https://doi.org/10.12989/gae.2011.3.3.169
  53. Trauner, L., Dolinar, B. and Misic, M. (2005), "Relationship between the undrained shear strength, water content, and mineralogical properties of fine-grained soils", Int. J. Geomech., 5(4), 350-355. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2005)5:4(350)
  54. Vanmarcke, E.H. (1977), "Probabilistic modeling of soil profiles", J. Geotech. Eng. Div., 103(11), 1227-1246. https://doi.org/10.1061/AJGEB6.0000517
  55. Wang, T., Zhou, G., Wang, J., Zhao, X. and Yin, L. (2018), "Stochastic analysis for uncertain deformation of foundations in permafrost regions", Geomech. Eng., 14(6), 589-600. https://doi.org/10.12989/GAE.2018.14.6.589

피인용 문헌

  1. Reproducing the inherent variability of soils using a three-dimensional printer vol.21, pp.6, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1680/jphmg.20.00006