Computers and Concrete

  • 제23권1호
  • /
  • Pages.61-68
  • /
  • 2019
  • /
  • 1598-8198(pISSN)
  • /
  • 1598-818X(eISSN)
테크노프레스 (Techno-Press)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Computational optimized finite element modelling of mechanical interaction of concrete with fiber reinforced polymer

  • Arani, Khosro Shahpoori (Department of Civil Engineering, Qeshm International Branch, Islamic Azad University) ;
  • Zandi, Yousef (Department of Civil Engineering, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University) ;
  • Pham, Binh Thai (Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University) ;
  • Mu'azu, M.A. (Department of Civil Engineering, Jubail University College, Royal Commission of Jubail and Yanbu) ;
  • Katebi, Javad (Faculty of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz) ;
  • Mohammadhassani, Mohammad (Seismology Engineering & Risk Department, Road, Housing & Urban Development Research Center (BHRC)) ;
  • Khalafi, Seyedamirhesam (Department of Construction Management, University of Houston) ;
  • Mohamad, Edy Tonnizam (Centre of Tropical Geoengineering (GEOTROPIK), Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia) ;
  • Wakil, Karzan (Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University) ;
  • Khorami, Majid (Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Universidad Tecnologica Equinoccial)
  • 투고 : 2018.06.18
  • 심사 : 2019.01.22
  • 발행 : 2019.01.25
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

This paper presents a computational rational model to predict the ultimate and optimized load capacity of reinforced concrete (RC) beams strengthened by a combination of longitudinal and transverse fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) composite plates/sheets (flexure and shear strengthening system). Several experimental and analytical studies on the confinement effect and failure mechanisms of fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) wrapped columns have been conducted over recent years. Although typical axial members are large-scale square/rectangular reinforced concrete (RC) columns in practice, the majority of such studies have concentrated on the behavior of small-scale circular concrete specimens. A high performance concrete, known as polymer concrete, made up of natural aggregates and an orthophthalic polyester binder, reinforced with non-metallic bars (glass reinforced polymer) has been studied. The material is described at micro and macro level, presenting the key physical and mechanical properties using different experimental techniques. Furthermore, a full description of non-metallic bars is presented to evaluate its structural expectancies, embedded in the polymer concrete matrix. In this paper, the mechanism of mechanical interaction of smooth and lugged FRP rods with concrete is presented. A general modeling and application of various elements are demonstrated. The contact parameters are defined and the procedures of calculation and evaluation of contact parameters are introduced. The method of calibration of the calculated parameters is presented. Finally, the numerical results are obtained for different bond parameters which show a good agreement with experimental results reported in literature.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Aghakhani, M., Suhatril, M., Mohammadhassani, M., Daie, M. and Toghroli, A. (2015), "A simple modification of homotopy perturbation method for the solution of Blasius equation in semi-infinite domains", Math. Prob. Eng., 2015, Article ID 671527, 7.
  2. Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. et al. (2010), "Investigation of seismic behaviour of composite structures with concrete filled square steel tubular (CFSST) column by push-over and time-history analyses", Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Steel & Composite Structures, Sydney, Australia, July.
  3. Khanouki, A., Mehdi, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H. and Shariati, M. (2011), "Behavior of through beam connections composed of CFSST columns and steel beams by finite element studying", Adv. Mater. Res., 168, 2329-2333. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.168-170.2329
  4. Ashour, A.F. and Kara, I.F. (2014), "Size effect on shear strength of FRP reinforced concrete beams", Compos. Part B: Eng., 60, 612-620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.12.002
  5. Bakis, C.E., Uppuluri, V.S., Nanni, A. and Boothby, T.E. (1998), "Analysis of bonding mechanisms of smooth and lugged FRP rods embedded in concrete", Compos. Sci. Technol., 58(8), 1307-1319. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(98)00016-5
  6. Bazzaz, M. (2018), "Experimental and analytical procedures to characterize mechanical properties of asphalt concrete materials for airfield pavement applications", Ph.D., University of Kansas.
  7. Bazzaz, M., Andalib, Z., Kheyroddin, A. and Kafi, M.A. (2015), "Numerical comparison of the seismic performance of steel rings in off-centre bracing system and diagonal bracing system", Steel Compos. Struct., 19(4), 917-937. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2015.19.4.917
  8. Bazzaz, M., Darabi, M.K., Little, D.N. and Garg, N. (2018), "A straightforward procedure to characterize nonlinear viscoelastic response of asphalt concrete at high temperatures", Transportation Research Record. Transportation Research Board 96th Annual Meeting, 2672, 481-492.
  9. Benmokrane, B. and Tighiouart, B. (1996), "Bond strength and load distribution of composite GFRP reinforcing bars in concrete", Mater. J., 93(3), 254-259.
  10. Cosenza, E., Manfredi, G. and Realfonzo, R. (1997), "Behavior and modeling of bond of FRP rebars to concrete", J. Compos. Constr., 1(2), 40-51. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(1997)1:2(40)
  11. Daie, M., Jalali, A., Suhatril, M., Shariati, M., Khanouki, M.A., Shariati, A. and Kazemi-Arbat, P. (2011), "A new finite element investigation on pre-bent steel strips as damper for vibration control", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 6(36), 8044-8050.
  12. Feroldi, F. and Russo, S. (2016), "Structural behavior of all-FRP beam-column plate-bolted joints", J. Compos. Constr., 20(4), 04016004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000667
  13. Guo, J. and Cox, J.V. (2000), "An interface model for the mechanical interaction between FRP bars and concrete", J. Reinf. Plast. Compos., 19(1), 15-33. https://doi.org/10.1177/073168440001900102
  14. Hadi, M.N. (2007), "Behaviour of FRP strengthened concrete columns under eccentric compression loading", Compos. Struct., 77(1), 92-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.06.007
  15. Heydari, A. and Shariati, M. (2018), "Buckling analysis of tapered BDFGM nano-beam under variable axial compression resting on elastic medium", Struct. Eng. Mech., 66(6), 737-748. https://doi.org/10.12989/SEM.2018.66.6.737
  16. Hosseinpour, E., Baharom, S., Badaruzzaman, W.H.W., Shariati, M. and Jalali, A. (2018), "Direct shear behavior of concrete filled hollow steel tube shear connector for slim-floor steel beams", Steel Compos. Struct., 26(4), 485-499. https://doi.org/10.12989/SCS.2018.26.4.485
  17. Ismail, M., Shariati, M., Awal, A., Chiong, C., Chahnasir, E., Porbar, A., ... and Khorami, M. (2018), "Strengthening of bolted shear joints in industrialized ferrocement construction", Steel Compos. Struct., 28(6), 681-690. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.28.6.681
  18. Jalal, M., Ramezanianpour, A.A., Pouladkhan, A.R. and Tedro, P. (2013), "Application of genetic programming (GP) and ANFIS for strength enhancement modeling of CFRP-retrofitted concrete cylinders", Neur. Comput. Appl., 23(2), 455-470. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-012-0941-2
  19. Jalali, A., Daie, M., Nazhadan, S.V.M., Kazemi-Arbat, P. and Shariati, M. (2012), "Seismic performance of structures with pre-bent strips as a damper", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 7(26), 4061-4072.
  20. Jerome, D.M. and Ross, C.A. (1997), "Simulation of the dynamic response of concrete beams externally reinforced with carbonfiber reinforced plastic", Comput. Struct., 64(5), 1129-1153. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-7949(97)00022-9
  21. Karimi, K., Tait, M.J. and El-Dakhakhni, W.W. (2011), "Testing and modeling of a novel FRP-encased steel-concrete composite column", Compos. Struct., 93(5), 1463-1473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2010.11.017
  22. Khanouki, M.A., Sulong, N.R., Shariati, M. and Tahir, M.M. (2016), "Investigation of through beam connection to concrete filled circular steel tube (CFCST) column", J. Constr. Steel Res., 121, 144-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcsr.2016.01.002
  23. Kheyroddin, A.B., Famili Fard, M. and Zahra, P.A. (2008a), "High performance and special concrete", 14th International Civil Engineering Student Conference, Semnan, Iran.
  24. Kheyroddin, A.E., Bazzaz, H. and Abed Pour, M. (2008b), "Evaluating the criteria of drift story in design with ETABS software", 14th International Civil Engineering Student Conference, Semnan, Iran.
  25. Khorami, M., Alvansazyazdi, M., Shariati, M., Zandi, Y., Jalali, A. and Tahir, M. (2017a), "Seismic performance evaluation of buckling restrained braced frames (BRBF) using incremental nonlinear dynamic analysis method (IDA)", Earthq. Struct., 13(6), 531-538. https://doi.org/10.12989/EAS.2017.13.6.531
  26. Khorami, M., Khorami, M., Motahar, H., Alvansazyazdi, M., Shariati, M., Jalali, A. and Tahir, M.M. (2017b), "Evaluation of the seismic performance of special moment frames using incremental nonlinear dynamic analysis", Struct. Eng. Mech., 63(2), 259-268 https://doi.org/10.12989/SEM.2017.63.2.259
  27. Khorramian, K., Maleki, S., Shariati, M., Jalali, A. and Tahir, M. M. (2017), "Numerical analysis of tilted angle shear connectors in steel-concrete composite systems", Steel Compos. Struct., 23(1), 67-85. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2017.23.1.067
  28. Khorramian, K., Maleki, S., Shariati, M. and Sulong, N.R. (2015), "Behavior of tilted angle shear connectors", PLoS ONE, 10(12), 1-11.
  29. Khorramian, K., Maleki, S., Shariati, M. and Sulong, R.N. (2016), "Behavior of tilted angle shear connectors (vol 10, e0144288, 2015)", PLOS ONE, 11(2).
  30. Mansouri, I., Safa, M., Ibrahim, Z., Kisi, O., Tahir, M.M., Baharom, S. and Azimi, M. (2016), "Strength prediction of rotary brace damper using MLR and MARS", Struct. Eng. Mech., 60(3), 471-488. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2016.60.3.471
  31. Mansouri, I., Shariati, M., Safa, M., Ibrahim, Z., Tahir, M.M. and Petkovic, D. (2017), "Analysis of influential factors for predicting the shear strength of a V-shaped angle shear connector in composite beams using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy technique", J. Intell. Manuf., 1-11.
  32. Bobaru, F., Mehrmashhadi, J., Chen, Z. and Niazi, S. (2018a), "Intraply fracture in fiber-reinforced composites: A peridynamic analysis", Proceedings of the American Society for Composites-Thirty-Third Technical Conference, 24-26.
  33. Mehrmashhadi, J., Tang, Y., Zhao, X., Xu, Z., Pan, J.J., Van Le, Q. and Bobaru, F. (2018b), "The effect of solder joint microstructure on the drop test failure: a peridynamic analysis", IEEE Tran. Compon. Pack. Manuf. Technol., 9(1), 58-71. https://doi.org/10.1109/tcpmt.2018.2862898
  34. Mohammadhassani, M., Akib, S., Shariati, M., Suhatril, M. and Khanouki, M.A. (2014a), "An experimental study on the failure modes of high strength concrete beams with particular references to variation of the tensile reinforcement ratio", Eng. Fail. Anal., 41, 73-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2013.08.014
  35. Mohammadhassani, M., Nezamabadi-Pour, H., Suhatril, M. and Shariati, M. (2013), "Identification of a suitable ANN architecture in predicting strain in tie section of concrete deep beams", Struct. Eng. Mech., 46(6), 853-868. https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2013.46.6.853
  36. Mohammadhassani, M., Nezamabadi-Pour, H., Suhatril, M. and Shariati, M. (2014b), "An evolutionary fuzzy modelling approach and comparison of different methods for shear strength prediction of high-strength concrete beams without stirrups", Smart Struct. Syst., 14(5), 785-809. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2014.14.5.785
  37. Mohammadhassani, M., Suhatril, M., Shariati, M. and Ghanbari, F. (2014c), "Ductility and strength assessment of HSC beams with varying of tensile reinforcement ratios", Struct. Eng. Mech., 48(6), 833-848. https://doi.org/10.12989/SEM.2013.48.6.833
  38. Mohebi, B., Hosseinifard, S.M. and Bastami, M. (2016), "Plastic hinge characteristics of RC rectangular columns with Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP)", Comput. Concrete, 18(4), 853-876. https://doi.org/10.12989/cac.2016.18.6.853
  39. Moy, C.K. (2018), "Structural performance of a precast beam to column connection strengthened with FRP under monotonic loading", Appl. Mech. Mater., 878, 121-125. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.878.121
  40. Emami, S., Choopan, Y. and Parsa, J. (2016), "Estimation of the shear strength capacity of masonry walls improved with Fiber Reinforced Mortars (FRM) using ANN-GMDH approach", J. Concrete Struct. Mater., 1(2), 47-59.
  41. Naderpour, H., Kheyroddin, A., Amiri, G.G. and Vaez, S.H. (2011), "Estimating the behavior of FRP-strengthened RC structural members using artificial neural networks", Procedia Eng., 14, 3183-3190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.07.402
  42. Nasrollahi, S., Maleki, S., Shariati, M., Marto, A. and Khorami, M. (2018), "Investigation of pipe shear connectors using push out test", Steel Compos. Struct., 27(5), 537-543. https://doi.org/10.12989/SCS.2018.27.5.537
  43. Nazerian, M. and Sadeghiipanah, V. (2013), "Cement-bonded particleboard with a mixture of wheat straw and poplar wood", J. Forest. Res., 24(2), 381-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-013-0363-8
  44. Nosrati, A., Zandi, Y., Shariati, M., Khademi, K., Darvishnezhad Aliabad, M., Marto, A., Mu'azu, M.A., Ghanbari, E., Mahdizadeh, M.B., Shariati, A. and Khorami, M. (2018), "Structure of Portland cement and its major oxides and fineness", Smart Struct. Syst., 22(4), 425-432. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.4.425
  45. Paknahad, M., Bazzaz, M. and Khorami, M. (2018), "Shear capacity equation for channel shear connectors in steel-concrete composite beams", Steel Compos. Struct., 28(4), 483-494. https://doi.org/10.12989/SCS.2018.28.4.483
  46. Rahimi, H. and Hutchinson, A. (2001), "Concrete beams strengthened with externally bonded FRP plates", J. Compos. Constr., 5(1), 44-56. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2001)5:1(44)
  47. Chahnasir, E.S., Zandi, Y., Shariati, M., Dehghani, E., Toghroli, A., Mohamed, E.T., ... and Khorami, M. (2018), "Application of support vector machine with firefly algorithm for investigation of the factors affecting the shear strength of angle shear connectors", Smart Struct. Syst., 22(4), 413-424. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.4.413
  48. Safa, M., Shariati, M., Ibrahim, Z., Toghroli, A., Baharom, S.B., Nor, N.M. and Petkovic, D. (2016), "Potential of adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system for evaluating the factors affecting steelconcrete composite beam's shear strength", Steel Compos. Struct., 21(3), 679-688. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.21.3.679
  49. Sakai, T., Kanakubo, T., Yonemaru, K. and Fukuyama, H. (1999), "Bond splitting behavior of continuous fiber reinforced concrete members", Special Pub., 188, 1131-1144.
  50. Sedghi, Y., Zandi, Y., Toghroli, A., Safa, M., Mohamad, E.T., Khorami, M. and Wakil, K. (2018), "Application of ANFIS technique on performance of C and L shaped angle shear connectors", Smart Struct. Syst., 22(3), 335-340. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.3.335
  51. Shahabi, S.E.M., Sulong, N.H., Shariati, M., Mohammadhassani, M. and Shah, S.N.R. (2016a), "Numerical analysis of channel connectors under fire and a comparison of performance with different types of shear connectors subjected to fire", Steel Compos. Struct., 20(3), 651-669. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.20.3.651
  52. Shahabi, S., Sulong, N., Shariati, M. and Shah, S. (2016b), "Performance of shear connectors at elevated temperatures-A review", Steel Compos. Struct., 20(1), 185-203. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2016.20.1.185
  53. Shariat, M., Shariati, M., Madadi, A. and Wakil, K. (2018), "Computational lagrangian multiplier method using optimization and sensitivity analysis of rectangular reinforced concrete beams", Steel Compos. Struct., 29(2), 243-256. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2018.29.2.243
  54. Shariati, A. (2014), "Behaviour of C-shaped angle shear connectors in high strength concrete", M.SC, Jabatan Kejuruteraan Awam, Fakulti Kejuruteraan, Universiti Malaya.
  55. Shariati, A., Sulong, N.R., Suhatril, M. and Shariati, M. (2012a), "Investigation of channel shear connectors for composite concrete and steel T-beam", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 7(11), 1828-1831.
  56. Shariati, A., RamliSulong, N.H. and Shariati, M. (2012b), "Various types of shear connectors in composite structures: A review", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 7(22), 2876-2890.
  57. Shariati, A., Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R., Suhatril, M., Khanouki, M.A. and Mahoutian, M. (2014a), "Experimental assessment of angle shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading in high strength concrete", Constr. Build. Mater., 52, 276-283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.11.036
  58. Shariati, M. (2013), "Behaviour of C-shaped shear connectors in steel concrete composite beams", PhD Thesis, Faculty of engineering University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  59. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N., Suhatril, M., Shariati, A., Arabnejad Khanouki, M. and Sinaei, H. (2012c), "Fatigue energy dissipation and failure analysis of channel shear connector embedded in the lightweight aggregate concrete in composite bridge girders", Fifth International Conference on Engineering Failure Analysis, The Hague, The Netherlands, July.
  60. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Maleki, S. and Arabnejad Kh, M.M. (2010), "Experimental and analytical study on channel shear connectors in light weight aggregate concrete", Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Steel & Composite Structures, Sydney, Australia, July.
  61. Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R. and Khanouki, M.A. (2012d), "Experimental assessment of channel shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading in high strength concrete", Mater. Des., 34, 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2011.08.008
  62. Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R., KH, M.A. and Mahoutian, M. (2011a), "Shear resistance of channel shear connectors in plain, reinforced and lightweight concrete", Scientif. Res. Essay., 6(4), 977-983.
  63. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Arabnejad Khanouki, M.M. and Shariati, A. (2011b), "Experimental and numerical investigations of channel shear connectors in high strength concrete", Proceedings of the 2011 World Congress on Advances in Structural Engineering and Mechanics (ASEM'11+), Seoul, South Korea.
  64. Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R., Shariati, A. and Khanouki, M.A. (2015), "Behavior of V-shaped angle shear connectors: experimental and parametric study", Mater. Struct., 49(9), 3909-3926..
  65. Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R., Shariati, A. and Kueh, A.B.H. (2016), "Comparative performance of channel and angle shear connectors in high strength concrete composites: An experimental study", Constr. Build. Mater., 120, 382-392. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.05.102
  66. Shariati, M., Ramli Sulong, N.H., Sinaei, H., Khanouki, A., Mehdi, M. and Shafigh, P. (2011c), "Behavior of channel shear connectors in normal and light weight aggregate concrete (experimental and analytical study)", Adv. Mater. Res., 168, 2303-2307. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.168-170.2303
  67. Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R., Suhatril, M., Shariati, A., Khanouki, M.A. and Sinaei, H. (2013), "Comparison of behaviour between channel and angle shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading", Constr. Build. Mater., 38, 582-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.050
  68. Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R., Suhatril, M., Shariati, A., Khanouki, M.A. and Sinaei, H. (2012e), "Behaviour of C-shaped angle shear connectors under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading: An experimental study", Mater. Des., 41, 67-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2012.04.039
  69. Shariati, M., Shariati, A., Sulong, N.R., Suhatril, M. and Khanouki, M.A. (2014b), "Fatigue energy dissipation and failure analysis of angle shear connectors embedded in high strength concrete", Eng. Fail. Anal., 41, 124-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2014.02.017
  70. Shariati, M., Tahir, M.M., Wee, T.C., Shah, S.N.R., Jalali, A., Abdullahi, M.A.M. and Khorami, M. (2018), "Experimental investigations on monotonic and cyclic behavior of steel pallet rack connections", Eng. Fail. Anal., 85, 149-166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.08.014
  71. Shariati, M. et al. (2017), "Assessment of stiffened angle shear connector under monotonic and fully reversed cyclic loading", Fifth International Conference on Advances in Civil, Structural and Mechanical Engineering - CSM 2017, Zurich, Switzerland.
  72. Sinaei, H., Jumaat, M.Z. and Shariati, M. (2011), "Numerical investigation on exterior reinforced concrete Beam-Column joint strengthened by composite fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)", Int. J. Phys. Sci., 6(28), 6572-6579.
  73. Sinaei, H., Shariati, M., Abna, A.H., Aghaei, M. and Shariati, A. (2012), "Evaluation of reinforced concrete beam behaviour using finite element analysis by ABAQUS", Scientif. Res. Essay., 7(21), 2002-2009.
  74. Tahmasbi, F., Maleki, S., Shariati, M., Sulong, N.R. and Tahir, M.M. (2016), "Shear capacity of C-shaped and L-shaped angle shear connectors", PloS one, 11(8), e0156989. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156989
  75. Toghroli, A., Darvishmoghaddam, E., Zandi, Y., Parvan, M., Safa, M., Abdullahi, M.A.M., ... and Khorami, M. (2018a), "Evaluation of the parameters affecting the Schmidt rebound hammer reading using ANFIS method", Comput. Concrete, 21(5), 525-530. https://doi.org/10.12989/CAC.2018.21.5.525
  76. Toghroli, A., Shariati, M., Sajedi, F., Ibrahim, Z., Koting, S., Mohamad, E.T. and Khorami, M. (2018b), "A review on pavement porous concrete using recycled waste materials", Smart Struct. Syst., 22(4), 433-440. https://doi.org/10.12989/sss.2018.22.4.433
  77. Toghroli, A., Suhatril, M., Ibrahim, Z., Safa, M., Shariati, M. and Shamshirband, S. (2016), "Potential of soft computing approach for evaluating the factors affecting the capacity of steel-concrete composite beam", J. Intell. Manuf., 29(8), 1793-1801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10845-016-1217-y
  78. Toghroli, A., Mohammadhassani, M., Suhatril, M., Shariati, M. and Ibrahim, Z. (2014), "Prediction of shear capacity of channel shear connectors using the ANFIS model", Steel Compos. Struct., 17(5), 623-639. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2014.17.5.623
  79. Triantafillou, T.C. and Plevris, N. (1992), "Strengthening of RC beams with epoxy-bonded fibre-composite materials", Mater. Struct., 25(4), 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02473064
  80. Wei, X., Shariati, M., Zandi, Y., Pei, S., Jin, Z., Gharachurlu, S., ... and Khorami, M. (2018), "Distribution of shear force in perforated shear connectors", Steel Compos. Struct., 27(3), 389-399. https://doi.org/10.12989/SCS.2018.27.3.389
  81. Yang, K.H., Byun, H.Y. and Ashour, A.F. (2009), "Shear strengthening of continuous reinforced concrete T-beams using wire rope units", Eng. Struct., 31(5), 1154-1165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.01.003
  82. Zhao, J., Chen, Z., Mehrmashhadi, J. and Bobaru, F. (2018), "Construction of a peridynamic model for transient advectiondiffusion problems", Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., 126, 1253-1266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2018.06.075