Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science (한국산림과학회지)

Korean Society of Forest Science (한국산림과학회)
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Comparison of Population Monitoring Methods for Breeding Forest Birds in Korean Temperate Mixed Forests

국내 온대 혼효림에 서식하는 산림성 조류의 번식기 개체군 모니터링 방법에 대한 비교

  • Nam, Hyun-Young (School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Choi, Chang-Yong (Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University) ;
  • Park, Jin-Young (National Migratory Bird Research Center, National Institute of Biological Resources) ;
  • Hur, Wee-Haeng (Division of Animal Resources, National Institute of Biological Resources)
  • 남현영 (서울대학교 생명과학부) ;
  • 최창용 (서울대학교 농업생명과학연구원) ;
  • 박진영 (국립생물자원관 국가철새연구센터) ;
  • 허위행 (국립생물자원관 동물자원과)
  • Received : 2019.08.08
  • Accepted : 2019.10.04
  • Published : 2019.12.31
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Abstract

Birds are effective ecological indicators but there is no national protocol in place to monitor population dynamics of forest birds in Korea. To support the establishment of future monitoring protocols, we compared the results of two generally used monitoring methods for forest bird surveys in two temperate mixed forests in central Korea. There was no statistical difference in the number of species and individuals detected per unit survey effort when comparing line transects and point counts. The number of species and individuals were higher in a five-minute count than in a three-minute point count, but the total accumulated number of expected observed species showed no difference between the two count durations. The number of observed species and individuals increased in both methods as plot radius or transect width increased, suggesting that multi-layer or multi-band surveys may be useful for quantitative and qualitative objectives. The decreasing number of observed species and individuals after sunrise suggested that bird monitoring should be conducted earlier in the morning, within four hours after sunrise. To detect 70% of the total number of species, 7.0 to 7.6 survey hours, equivalent to 42 three-minute counts (95% confidence interval [CI]: 26 to 61) or 33 five-minute counts (95% CI: 19 to 53) were needed for unlimited radius point counts. On the other hand, 4.8 survey hours, equivalent to 26 line transect counts (95% CI: 15 to 45) using 200-m transects with unlimited width, were required to achieve the same level of species detection. Therefore, the line transect method may be more effective than the point count method, at least in terms of local species richness assessment. For national forest bird monitoring, our data indicated that one or both survey methods can be selected as a basic protocol, based on the goals and scales of monitoring, forest types, and the conditions of the target areas.

조류는 포획과 채집에 의존하지 않고 관찰 조사를 통해 서식 현황을 평가할 수 있는 유용한 생태계 지표이다. 그러나 우리나라의 산림성 조류의 개체군 변동을 파악하기 위한 통일된 모니터링 지침이 아직 없으며 이를 위한 자료도 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구는 이를 위한 기초 자료를 제공하기 위해 실시되었으며, 중부의 온대혼효림 두 곳에 서식하는 번식기 산림성 조류를 대상으로 가장 일반적으로 사용되는 선조사 및 조사시간이 다른 정점조사를 적용하여 그 조사 결과를 비교하였다. 단위 조사노력당 관찰되는 종수 및 개체수는 선조사와 정점조사간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으나, 서로 다른 연구지역의 조류상 차이를 파악할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 정점조사에서는 단위 정점당 조사 시간이 길수록 종과 개체수가 많이 관찰되었으나, 조사횟수를 누적하면 뚜렷한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 정점조사와 선조사 모두 조사반경이 커질수록 단위 정점 또는 구간 내에서 더 많은 종과 개체수가 관찰되었으며, 정량적 또는 정성적인 목적에 따라 활용할 수 있도록 거리에 따라 구분하여 다층구조로 결과를 기록할 필요가 있다. 또한 조류의 관찰률은 일출 후 시간이 경과하면서 점차 감소하므로, 조사는 일출 후 4시간 이내의 가급적 이른 오전에 수행해야 하는 것으로 나타났다. 특정 지역의 산림성 조류의 전체 종 풍부도의 70%를 파악하기 위해서는 7.0-7.6시간이 소요되는 42회(95% 신뢰한계: 26-61회)의 3분 정점조사 또는 33회(95% 신뢰한계: 19-53회)의 5분 정점조사가 필요한 것으로 예측되었다. 반면 동일한 수준의 종 풍부도 파악을 위해서는 26회(95% 신뢰구간: 15-45회)의 200 m 세부구간에 대한 선조사가 필요하며, 이는 약 4.8시간이 소요되는 것으로 평가되었다. 따라서 선조사는 정점조사에 비해 대상 지역의 전체적인 종 풍부도를 파악하는데에는 보다 효율적인 방법으로 나타났다. 향후 산림성 조류조사의 목적과 규모, 현장상황 등에 따라 본 연구에서 확인된 조사방법을 택일하거나 병행하는 방법을 고려할 수 있다.

Keywords

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