Korean Journal of Community Nutrition (대한지역사회영양학회지)

The Korean Society of Community Nutrition (대한지역사회영양학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Low-Calorie Diet Including High Protein-Low Carbohydrate Protein Bar on Weight Loss and Serum Lipid Indicators in Overweight Women according to Dietary Compliance

고단백 저탄수화물식 프로틴바를 이용한 저칼로리 다이어트가 순응 정도에 따라 과체중 여성의 체중감량과 혈청 지질지표에 미치는 영향

  • Park, Dasom (Department of Clinical Nutrition, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital) ;
  • Lee, Hyun Joo (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea) ;
  • Son, Sook Mee (Department of Food Science and Nutrition, The Catholic University of Korea)
  • 박다솜 (분당서울대병원, 임상영양실) ;
  • 이현주 (가톨릭대학교 식품영양학과 대학원) ;
  • 손숙미 (가톨릭대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Received : 2019.11.15
  • Accepted : 2019.12.08
  • Published : 2019.12.20
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a 6-week low-calorie diet (LCD) program including high protein-low carbohydrate protein bar on weight loss, blood pressure, and blood lipid profile in 40 overweight women according to dietary compliance. Methods: Subjects were 62 healthy overweight women (BMI ≥ 23.0 or body fat percentage ≥ 28%), aged 20~59 yrs who were provided a high protein-low carbohydrate protein bar (each 35 g, 154 kcal, protein energy %: 28.6%, carbohydrate energy %: 38.7%) as part of dinner for 6 weeks. Forty subjects who completed the whole diet program were categorized into high compliance (HC) group (days of eating protein bar ≥ 5 weeks) or low compliance (LC) group (days < 5 weeks). Results: Energy intake significantly decreased from 1,867.5 kcal at baseline to 1,137.4 kcal at 6 weeks for the HC group and from 1,971.7 kcal to 1,362.2 kcal for the LC group, respectively. On the other hand, a significant increase in protein energy percentage was observed in each group (HC group: 3.5%, LC group: 2.2%). Both groups showed significant decreases in weight (HC group: 1.8 kg, LC group: 1.1 kg), BMI, fat mass, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol. Reduction of body fat percentage and diastolic blood pressure were only observed in the HC group. Conclusions: The inclusion of a high protein-low carbohydrate protein bar as part of a low-calorie diet for a short period can be effective to achieve weight loss and concomitantly improve blood cholesterol level without serious physiological side effects. More evident results can be achieved by eating a diet with low calorie diet including high protein-low carbohydrate protein bar for more than 5 weeks.

Keywords

References

  1. Flegal KM. Epidemiologic aspects of overweight and obesity in the United States. Physiol Behav 2005; 86(5): 599-602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.050
  2. The Ministry of Health and Welfare, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Korea health statistics 2016: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII-1). Sejong: The Ministry of Health and Welfare; 2017. p. 39.
  3. Wilson PW, D'Agostino RB, Sullivan L, Parise H, Kannel WB. Overweight and obesity as determinants of cardiovascular risk: the Framingham experience. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162(16): 1867-1872. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.162.16.1867
  4. Renehan AG, Suerjumataram I. Obesity as an avoidable cause of cancer (Attributable risk). Recent Results Cancer Res 2016; 208: 243-256. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42542-9_13
  5. Bacon SL, Sherwood A, Hinderliter A, Blumenthal JA. Effects of exercise, diet and weight loss on high blood pressure. Sports Med 2004; 34(5): 307-316. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200434050-00003
  6. Feingold KR, Grunfeld C. Obesity and dyslipidemia [Internet]. MDTxet.com Inc.: 2018 [cited 2019 11 25]. Available from: www.endotext.org
  7. Knowler WC, Barrett Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346(6): 393-403. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012512
  8. Epstein LH, Valoski A, Wing RR, McCurley J. Ten-year followup of behavioral, family-based treatment for obese children. JAMA 1990; 264(19): 2519-2523. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1990.03450190051027
  9. Son SM, Kim HJ. Effect of 12-week low calorie diet and behavior modification on the anthropometric indices and biochemical nutritional status of obese woman. Korean J Community Nutr 2005; 10(4): 525-535.
  10. Dansinger ML, Gleason JA, Griffith JL, Selker HP, Schaefer EJ. Comparison of the Akins, Ornish, Weight Watchers and Zone diets for weight loss and heart disease risk reduction: a randomized trials. JAMA 2005; 293(1): 43-53. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.293.1.43
  11. Sayer R, Peters JC, Pan Z, Wyatt HR, Hill JD. Hunger, food cravings, and diet satisfaction are related to changes in body weight during a 6-month behavioral weight loss intervention: The beef WISE study. Nutrients 2018; 10(6): 700-712. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060700
  12. Holt SHA, Miller JCB, Petocz P. Interrelationships among postprandial satiety, glucose and insulin responses and change in subsequent food intake. Eur J Clin Nutr 1996; 50(12): 788-797.
  13. Eckel RH. The dietary approach to obesity: is it diet or disorder. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 293(1): 96-97.
  14. Brehm BJ, D'Alessio DA. Benefits of high protein weight loss diet: enough evidence for practice? Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15(5): 416-421. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0b013e328308dc13
  15. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Rolland V, Wilson SA, Westerterp KR. Satiety related to 24-hr diet-induced thermogenesis during high protein/carbohydrate vs high fat diets measured in respiration center. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999; 53(6): 495-502. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj/ejcn/1600782
  16. Cho YG, Kang JH. Effectiveness and safety of low-carbohydrate diets. Korean Med Assoc 2017; 60(1): 43-46.
  17. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Luscombe-Marsh N, Lejeune MPGM, Diepvens K, Nieuwenhuizen A, Engelen MPKJ et al. Dietary protein, metabolism, and body weight regulation: dose-response effects. Int J Obesity 2006: 30: S16-S23.
  18. Soenen S, Bonomi AG, Lemmens SG, Scholte J, Thjssen MA, van Berkum F et al. Relatively high protein or low carb energy restricted diets for body weight loss and body weight maintenance? Physiol Behav 2012; 107(3): 374-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.08.004
  19. Feinman RD, Pogozelski WK, Astrup A, Bernstein RK, Fine EJ, Westman EC et al. Dietary carbohydrate restriction as the first approach in diabetes management: Critical review and evidence base. Nutrition 2015; 31(1): 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2014.06.011
  20. Song S, Lee JE, Song WO, Paik HY, Song Y. Carbohydrate intake and refined-grain consumption are associated with metabolic syndrome in the Korean adult population. J Acad Nutr Diet 2014; 114(1): 54-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2013.08.025
  21. The Ministry of Health and Welfare, The Korean Nutrition Society. Dietary reference intake for Koreans. 2nd version. Seoul: The Korean Nutrition Society; 2010.
  22. Xi MZ, Zhang YL, Choi YB, Jeong GH, Kim GW, Park YW et al. Effects of whey protein-rich meal substitute in 4-week diet trial on body weight, body fat, and body composition of overweight or obese females. J East Asian Soc Dietary Life. 2016; 26(1): 25-33. https://doi.org/10.17495/easdl.2016.2.26.1.25
  23. Heymsfield SB, van Mierlo CAJ, van der Knaap HCM, Heo M, Frier HI. Weight management using a meal replacement strategy: Meta and pooling analysis from six studies. Int J Obes 2003; 27(5): 537-549. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802258
  24. Miller PE, Alexander DD, Perez V. Effects of whey protein and resistance exercise on body composition: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Coll Nutr 2014; 33(2): 163-175. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2013.875365
  25. Mattes RD. Ready-to-eat cereal used as a meal replacement promotes weight loss in humans. J Am Coll Nutr 2002; 21(6): 570-577. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2002.10719257
  26. Fuller NR, Fong M, Gerofi J, Leung L, Leung C, Denyer G et al. A randomized controlled trial to determine the efficacy of a high carbohydrate and high protein ready-to-eat food product for weight loss. Clin Obes 2016; 6(2): 108-116. https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12137
  27. Trumbo P, Schlicker S, Yates AA, Poos M. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. J Am Diet Assoc 2002; 102(11): 1621-1630. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-8223(02)90346-9
  28. Westerterp-Plantenga MS, Rolland V, Wilson SAJ, Westerterp KR. Satiety related to 24 h diet induced thermogenesis during high protein/carbohydrate vs high fat diets measured in a respiration chamber. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999; 53(6): 495-502. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj/ejcn/1600782
  29. Lejeune MPGM, Kovacs EMR, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Additional protein intake limits weight regain after weight loss in humans. Br J Nutr 2005; 93(2): 281-289. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN20041305
  30. Pullar JD, Webster AJF. The energy cost of fat and protein deposition in the rat. Br J Nutr 1977; 37(3): 355-363. https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19770039
  31. Atkins RC. Dr Atkins new diet revolution. 1st Quil ed. New York: Quill; 2002.
  32. Lee BG, Lee KR, Song MK, Park MH, Whang SJ. Short-term weight management using meal replacements (Meal replacements trial in Korean obese women). Korean J Obes 2002; 11(2): 131-141.
  33. Son SM, Lim HS, Kim JH, Seou JS, Son JM. Clinical nutrition. 3rd ed. Paju: Kyomunsa; 2014. p. 284-285.
  34. Lee MS, Kim JH, Lee BS, Lee YN, Son SM, Lee JW. Nutritional assessment. Paju: Kyomunsa; 2016.
  35. Knutson KL. Does inadequate sleep play a role in vulnerability to obesity? Am J Hum Biol 2012; 24(3): 361-371. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22219
  36. de Wardener HE, MacGregor GA. Harmful effects of dietary salt in addition to hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16(4): 213-223. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jhh.1001374
  37. Moon SJ, Kim HS, Kim JH, Park GS, You YH. The effect of weight control on obese women. Korean J Nutr 1995; 28(8): 759-770.
  38. Taku K, Umegaki K, Sato Y, Taki Y, Endoh K, Watanabe S. Soy isoflavones lower serum total and LDL cholesterol in humans: a meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85(4): 1148-1156. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/85.4.1148
  39. Potter SM. Overview of proposed mechanisms for the hypocholesterolemic effect of soy. J Nutr 1995; 125(3): 606s-611s.