수면정신생리 (Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology)

  • 제26권2호
  • /
  • Pages.75-85
  • /
  • 2019
  • /
  • 1225-7354(pISSN)
  • /
  • 2713-8631(eISSN)
대한수면의학회 (KOREAN ACADEMY OF SLEEP MEDICINE)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

자각몽의 수면의학적 이해와 응용

Understanding and Application of Lucid Dreams in Sleep Medicine

  • 신재공 (용인정신병원 정신건강의학과)
  • Cyn, Jaegong (Department of Psychiatry, Yongin Mental Hospital)
  • 투고 : 2019.11.22
  • 심사 : 2019.12.14
  • 발행 : 2019.12.31
PDF 다운로드
⟨ 이전 논문 다음 논문 ⟩

초록

A lucid dream is defined as a dream during which a dreamer is aware that she/he is dreaming. The existence of lucid dream has long been known in the literature, but it hasn't been long before it has received attention in sleep medicine. Although many studies have been conducted since validation of the lucid dream in polysomnography by Steven LaBerge in the 1980s, the neuroscience of lucid dreams is still not fully understood. Here the neuroscientific literature on lucid dreaming, including electroencephalographic, neuroimaging, pharmacological and brain stimulation studies, are reviewed. Also this review gives an overview on how lucid dreams are used in clinical and nonclinical areas, ranging from nightmare therapy to research on consciousness and creative problem solving.

키워드

참고문헌

  1. Abramovitch H. The nightmare of returning home: a case of acute onset nightmare disorder treated by lucid dreaming. Isr J Psychiatry Relat Sci 1995;32:140-145.
  2. Baird B, Castelnovo A, Gosseries O, Tononi G. Frequent lucid dreaming associated with increased functional connectivity between frontopolar cortex and temporoparietal association areas. Scientific Reports 2018;8:17798. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-36190-w
  3. Barrett D. Just how lucid are lucid dreams? Dreaming 1992;2:221-228. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094362
  4. Bentley P, Driver J, Dolan RJ. Cholinergic modulation of cognition: insights from human pharmacological functional neuroimaging. Prog Neurobiol 2011;94:360-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.06.002
  5. Blanke O, Mohr C. Out-of-body experience, heautoscopy, and autoscopic hallucination of neurological origin Implications for neurocognitive mechanisms of corporeal awareness and selfconsciousness. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2005;50:184-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresrev.2005.05.008
  6. Blanke O, Mohr C, Michel CM, Pascual-Leone A, Brugger P, Seeck M, et al. Linking out-of-body experience and self processing to mental own-body imagery at the temporoparietal junction. J Neurosci 2005;25:550-557. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2612-04.2005
  7. Braun AR, Balkin TJ, Wesenten NJ, Carson RE, Varga M, Baldwin P, et al. Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleepwake cycle. An H2(15)O PET study. Brain 1997;120(Pt 7):1173-1197. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/120.7.1173
  8. Burgess M, Gill M, Marks I. Postal self-exposure treatment of recurrent nightmares. Randomised controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 1998;172:257-262. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.172.3.257
  9. Casement MD, Swanson LM. A meta-analysis of imagery rehearsal for post-trauma nightmares: effects on nightmare frequency, sleep quality, and posttraumatic stress. Clin Psychol Rev 2012;32:566-574. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.002
  10. Cavanna AE, Trimble MR. The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates. Brain 2006;129(Pt 3):564-583. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl004
  11. De Ridder D, Van Laere K, Dupont P, Menovsky T, Van de Heyning P. Visualizing out-of-body experience in the brain. N Engl J Med 2007;357:1829-1833. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa070010
  12. Dodet P, Chavez M, Leu-Semenescu S, Golmard J-L, Arnulf I. Lucid dreaming in narcolepsy. Sleep 2015;38:487-497. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4516
  13. Dresler M, Koch SP, Wehrle R, Spoormaker VI, Holsboer F, Steiger A, et al. Dreamed movement elicits activation in the sensorimotor cortex. Curr Biol 2011;21:1833-1837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.09.029
  14. Dresler M, Wehrle R, Spoormaker VI, Koch SP, Holsboer F, Steiger A, et al. Neural correlates of dream lucidity obtained from contrasting lucid versus non-lucid REM sleep: a combined EEG/ fMRI case study. Sleep 2012;35:1017-1020. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.1974
  15. Dresler M, Wehrle R, Spoormaker VI, Steiger A, Holsboer F, Czisch M, et al. Neural correlates of insight in dreaming and psychosis. Sleep Med Rev 2015;20:92-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2014.06.004
  16. Driskell JE, Copper C, Moran A. Does mental practice enhance performance? J Appl Psychol 1994;79:481-492. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.79.4.481
  17. Edwards BG, Barch DM, Braver TS. Improving prefrontal cortex function in schizophrenia through focused training of cognitive control. Front Hum Neurosci 2010;4:32. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2010.00032
  18. Erlacher D, Stumbrys T, Schredl M. Frequency of lucid dreams and lucid dream practice in German athletes. Imagin Cogn Pers 2011;31:237-246. https://doi.org/10.2190/IC.31.3.f
  19. Filevich E, Dresler M, Brick TR, Kuhn S. Metacognitive mechanisms underlying lucid dreaming. J Neurosci 2015;35:1082-1088. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3342-14.2015
  20. Fosse R. REM mentation in narcoleptics and normals: an empirical test of two neurocognitive theories. Conscious Cogn 2000;9:488-509. https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.2000.0466
  21. Fox KC, Nijeboer S, Solomonova E, Domhoff GW, Christoff K. Dreaming as mind wandering: evidence from functional neuroimaging and first-person content reports. Front Hum Neurosci 2013;7:412. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00412
  22. Fox MD, Raichle ME. Spontaneous fluctuations in brain activity observed with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007;8:700-711. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2201
  23. Fox MD, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, Corbetta M, Van Essen DC, Raichle ME. The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005;102:9673-9678. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0504136102
  24. Frith C. The psychology of volition. Exp Brain Res 2013;229:289-299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-013-3407-6
  25. Gao W, Lin W. Frontal parietal control network regulates the anticorrelated default and dorsal attention networks. Hum Brain Mapp 2012;33:192-202. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.21204
  26. Gerretsen P, Diaz P, Mamo D, Kavanagh D, Menon M, Pollock BG, et al. Transient insight induction with electroconvulsive therapy in a patient with refractory schizophrenia: a case report and systematic literature review. J Ect 2011;27:247-250. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCT.0b013e3181f816f6
  27. Giacobini E, Zhu XD, Williams E, Sherman KA. The effect of the selective reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor E2020 on extracellular acetylcholine and biogenic amine levels in rat cortex. Neuropharmacology 1996;35:205-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(95)00157-3
  28. Giambra LM, Jung RE, Grodsky A. Age changes in dream recall in adulthood. Dreaming 1996;6:17-31. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094443
  29. Goldstein CA. Parasomnias. Dis Mon 2011;57:364-388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2011.04.007
  30. Hallett M. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: a primer. Neuron 2007;55:187-199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.06.026
  31. Henriksen MG, Parnas J. Self-disorders and schizophrenia: a phenomenological reappraisal of poor insight and noncompliance. Schizophr Bull 2014;40:542-547. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbt087
  32. Hernandez-Peon R, Chavez-Ibarra G, Morgane PJ, Timo-Iaria C. Limbic cholinergic pathways involved in sleep and emotional behavior. Exp Neurol 1963;8:93-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(63)90037-2
  33. Hobson JA. REM sleep and dreaming: towards a theory of protoconsciousness. Nat Rev Neurosci 2009;10:803-813. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2716
  34. Holzinger B, LaBerge S, Levitan L. Psychophysiological correlates of lucid dreaming. Dreaming 2006;16:88-95. https://doi.org/10.1037/1053-0797.16.2.88
  35. Kahan TL, LaBerge S, Levitan L, Zimbardo P. Similarities and differences between dreaming and waking cognition: an exploratory study. Conscious Cogn 1997;6:132-147. https://doi.org/10.1006/ccog.1996.0274
  36. Krakow B, Hollifield M, Johnston L, Koss M, Schrader R, Warner TD, et al. Imagery rehearsal therapy for chronic nightmares in sexual assault survivors with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2001;286:537-545. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.286.5.537
  37. La Berge SP. Lucid Dreaming as a Learnable Skill: A Case Study. Perceptual and Motor Skills 1980;51(3_suppl2):1039-1042. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1980.51.3f.1039
  38. La Berge SP, Nagel LE, Dement WC, Zarcone VP Jr. Lucid dreaming verified by volitional communication during REM sleep. Percept Mot Skills 1981;52:727-732. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1981.52.3.727
  39. LaBerge S. The Paradox and Promise of Lucid Dreaming. Research Update: Cholinergic Stimulation of Lucid Dreaming; Voluntary Control of Auditory Perception During REM Lucid Dreams. International Association for the Study of Dreams, Berkeley;2001.
  40. LaBerge S, Baird B, Zimbardo PG. Smooth tracking of visual targets distinguishes lucid REM sleep dreaming and waking perception from imagination. Nat Commun 2018;9:3298. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-05547-0
  41. LaBerge S, LaMarca K, Baird BAO. Pre-sleep treatment with galantamine stimulates lucid dreaming: A double-blind, placebocontrolled, crossover study. PLoS One 2018;13:e0201246. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0201246
  42. LaBerge S, Levitan L, Dement WC. Lucid Dreaming: Physiological Correlates of Consciousness during REM Sleep. The Journal of Mind and Behavior 1986;7:251-258.
  43. LaBerge SP. Lucid Dreaming: An Exploratory Study of Consciousness during Sleep. Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University;1980.
  44. Lancee J, van den Bout J, Spoormaker VI. Expanding self-help Imagery rehearsal therapy for nightmares with sleep hygiene and lucid dreaming: a waiting-list controlled trial. International Journal of Dream Research 2010;3:111-120.
  45. Levin R, Nielsen TA. Disturbed dreaming, posttraumatic stress disorder, and affect distress: a review and neurocognitive model. Psychol Bull 2007;133:482-528. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.3.482
  46. Mazzetti M, Bellucci C, Mattarozzi K, Plazzi G, Tuozzi G, Cipolli C. REM-dreams recall in patients with narcolepsy-cataplexy. Brain Res Bull 2010;81:133-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2009.10.021
  47. McCaig RG, Dixon M, Keramatian K, Liu I, Christoff K. Improved modulation of rostrolateral prefrontal cortex using real-time fMRI training and meta-cognitive awareness. Neuroimage 2011;55:1298-1305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.016
  48. Morgenthaler TI, Auerbach S, Casey KR, Kristo D, Maganti R, Ramar K, et al. Position paper for the treatment of nightmare disorder in adults: an american academy of sleep medicine position paper. J Clin Sleep Med 2018;14:1041-1055. https://doi.org/10.5664/jcsm.7178
  49. Mota-Rolim SA, Araujo JF. Neurobiology and clinical implications of lucid dreaming. Med Hypotheses 2013;81:751-756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2013.04.049
  50. Mota NB, Resende A, Mota-Rolim SA, Copelli M, Ribeiro S. Psychosis and the control of lucid dreaming. Front Psychol 2016;7:294.
  51. Muzio JN, Roffwarg HP, Kaufman E. Alterations in the nocturnal sleep cycle resulting from LSD. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1966;21:313-324. https://doi.org/10.1016/0013-4694(66)90037-X
  52. Nir Y, Tononi G. Dreaming and the brain: from phenomenology to neurophysiology. Trends Cogn Sci 2010;14:88-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2009.12.001
  53. Noreika V, Windt JM, Lenggenhager B, Karim AA. New perspectives for the study of lucid dreaming: From brain stimulation to philosophical theories of self-consciousness: Commentary on "The neurobiology of consciousness: Lucid dreaming wakes up" by J Allan Hobson. International Journal of Dream Research 2010;3:36-45.
  54. Ogilvie RD, Hunt HT, Tyson PD, Lucescu ML, Jeakins DB. Lucid dreaming and alpha activity: a preliminary report. Percept Mot Skills 1982;55(3 Pt 1):795-808. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1982.55.3.795
  55. Oudiette D, Dodet P, Ledard N, Artru E, Rachidi I, Similowski T, et al. REM sleep respiratory behaviours mental content in narcoleptic lucid dreamers. Sci Rep 2018;8:2636. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21067-9
  56. Paul F, Schadlich M, Erlacher D. Lucid dream induction by visual and tactile stimulation: An exploratory sleep laboratory study. International Journal of Dream Research 2014;7:61-66.
  57. Perogamvros L, Baird B, Seibold M, Riedner B, Boly M, Tononi G. The phenomenal contents and neural correlates of spontaneous thoughts across wakefulness, NREM sleep, and REM sleep. J Cogn Neurosci 2017;29:1766-1777. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01155
  58. Purcell S, Mullington J, Moffitt A, Hoffmann R, Pigeau R. Dream self-reflectiveness as a learned cognitive skill. Sleep 1986;9:423-437. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/9.3.423
  59. Raichle ME, MacLeod AM, Snyder AZ, Powers WJ, Gusnard DA, Shulman GL. A default mode of brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001;98:676-682. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.98.2.676
  60. Rak M, Beitinger P, Steiger A, Schredl M, Dresler M. Increased lucid dreaming frequency in narcolepsy. Sleep 2015;38:787-792. https://doi.org/10.5665/sleep.4676
  61. Riemann D, Gann H, Dressing H, Muller WE, Aldenhoff JB. Influence of the cholinesterase inhibitor galanthamine hydrobromide on normal sleep. Psychiatry Res 1994;51:253-267. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-1781(94)90013-2
  62. Roehrs T, Roth T. Sleep, sleepiness, sleep disorders and alcohol use and abuse. Sleep Med Rev 2001;5:287-297. https://doi.org/10.1053/smrv.2001.0162
  63. Samann PG, Wehrle R, Hoehn D, Spoormaker VI, Peters H, Tully C, et al. Development of the brain's default mode network from wakefulness to slow wave sleep. Cereb Cortex 2011;21:2082-2093. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhq295
  64. Schadlich M, Erlacher D. Applications of lucid dreams: An online study. International Journal of Dream Research 2012;5:134-138.
  65. Schierenbeck T, Riemann D, Berger M, Hornyak M. Effect of illicit recreational drugs upon sleep: cocaine, ecstasy and marijuana. Sleep Med Rev 2008;12:381-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2007.12.004
  66. Schmitz TW, Rowley HA, Kawahara TN, Johnson SC. Neural correlates of self-evaluative accuracy after traumatic brain injury. Neuropsychologia 2006;44:762-773. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.07.012
  67. Schooler JW, Smallwood J, Christoff K, Handy TC, Reichle ED, Sayette MA. Meta-awareness, perceptual decoupling and the wandering mind. Trends Cogn Sci 2011;15:319-326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.05.006
  68. Schredl M, Erlacher D. Lucid dreaming frequency and personality. Pers Individ Dif 2004;37:1463-1473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.02.003
  69. Schredl M, Erlacher D. Frequency of lucid dreaming in a representative German sample. Percept Mot Skills 2011;112:104-108. https://doi.org/10.2466/09.PMS.112.1.104-108
  70. Schredl M, Piel E. Gender differences in dream recall: Data from four representative German samples. Pers Individ Dif 2003;35:1185-1189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00327-6
  71. Schreuder BJ, van Egmond M, Kleijn WC, Visser AT. Daily reports of posttraumatic nightmares and anxiety dreams in Dutch war victims. J Anxiety Disord 1998;12:511-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(98)00032-2
  72. Semendeferi K, Armstrong E, Schleicher A, Zilles K, Van Hoesen GW. Prefrontal cortex in humans and apes: a comparative study of area 10. Am J Phys Anthropol 2001;114:224-241. https://doi.org/10.1002/1096-8644(200103)114:3<224::AID-AJPA1022>3.0.CO;2-I
  73. Siclari F, Baird B, Perogamvros L, Bernardi G, LaRocque JJ, Riedner B, et al. The neural correlates of dreaming. Nat Neurosci 2017;20:872-878. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4545
  74. Sparrow G, Hurd R, Carlson R, Molina A. Exploring the effects of galantamine paired with meditation and dream reliving on recalled dreams: Toward an integrated protocol for lucid dream induction and nightmare resolution. Conscious Cogn 2018;63:74-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2018.05.012
  75. Spoormaker V, Czisch M, Dresler M. Lucid and non-lucid dreaming: Thinking in networks. Int J Dream Res 2010;3:49-51.
  76. Spoormaker VI. A cognitive model of recurrent nightmares. International Journal of Dream Research 2008;1:15-22.
  77. Spoormaker VI, Schroter MS, Gleiser PM, Andrade KC, Dresler M, Wehrle R, et al. Development of a large-scale functional brain network during human non-rapid eye movement sleep. J Neurosci 2010;30:11379-11387. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2015-10.2010
  78. Spoormaker VI, van den Bout J. Lucid dreaming treatment for nightmares: a pilot study. Psychother Psychosom 2006;75:389-394. https://doi.org/10.1159/000095446
  79. Spreng RN, Stevens WD, Chamberlain JP, Gilmore AW, Schacter DL. Default network activity, coupled with the frontoparietal control network, supports goal-directed cognition. Neuroimage 2010;53:303-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.016
  80. Stepansky R, Holzinger B, Schmeiser-Rieder A, Saletu B, Kunze M, Zeitlhofer J. Austrian Dream Behavior: Results of a Representative Population Survey. Dreaming 1998;8:23-30. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:DREM.0000005912.77493.d6
  81. Stumbrys T, Daniels M. An exploratory study of creative problem solving in lucid dreams: Preliminary findings and methodological considerations. International Journal of Dream Research 2010;3:121-129.
  82. Stumbrys T, Erlacher D, Schadlich M, Schredl M. Induction of lucid dreams: a systematic review of evidence. Conscious Cogn 2012;21:1456-1475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2012.07.003
  83. Stumbrys T, Erlacher D, Schredl M. Testing the involvement of the prefrontal cortex in lucid dreaming: a tDCS study. Conscious Cogn 2013;22:1214-1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2013.08.005
  84. Tholey P. Applications of Lucid Dreaming in Sports. Lucidity Lett 1990:6-17.
  85. Tyson PD, Ogilvie RD, Hunt HT. Lucid, Prelucid, and nonlucid dreams related to the amount of EEG alpha activity during REM sleep. Psychophysiology 1984;21:442-451. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1984.tb00224.x
  86. Van Eeden F. A study of dreams. Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research 1913;26:431-461.
  87. Van Essen DC, Dierker DL. Surface-based and probabilistic atlases of primate cerebral cortex. Neuron 2007;56:209-225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.015
  88. Velazquez-Moctezuma J, Shalauta M, Gillin JC, Shiromani PJ. Cholinergic antagonists and REM sleep generation. Brain Res 1991;543:175-179. https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-8993(91)91064-8
  89. Vincent JL, Kahn I, Snyder AZ, Raichle ME, Buckner RL. Evidence for a frontoparietal control system revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity. J Neurophysiol 2008;100:3328-3342. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.90355.2008
  90. Violante IR, Li LM, Carmichael DW, Lorenz R, Leech R, Hampshire A, et al. Externally induced frontoparietal synchronization modulates network dynamics and enhances working memory performance. Elife 2017;6:e22001. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.22001
  91. Vogel GW. A review of REM sleep deprivation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1975;32:749-761. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1975.01760240077006
  92. Voss U, Frenzel C, Koppehele-Gossel J, Hobson A. Lucid dreaming: an age-dependent brain dissociation. J Sleep Res 2012;21:634-642. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2869.2012.01022.x
  93. Voss U, Holzmann R, Hobson A, Paulus W, Koppehele-Gossel J, Klimke A, et al. Induction of self awareness in dreams through frontal low current stimulation of gamma activity. Nat Neurosci 2014;17:810-812. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.3719
  94. Voss U, Holzmann R, Tuin I, Hobson JA. Lucid dreaming: a state of consciousness with features of both waking and non-lucid dreaming. Sleep 2009;32:1191-1200. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/32.9.1191
  95. William Domhoff G. The neural substrate for dreaming: is it a subsystem of the default network? Conscious Cogn 2011;20:1163-1174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2011.03.001
  96. Zadra AL, Donderi DC, Pihl RO. Efficacy of lucid dream induction for lucid and non-lucid dreamers. Dreaming 1992;2:85-97. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0094350
  97. Zadra AL, Pihl RO. Lucid dreaming as a treatment for recurrent nightmares. Psychother Psychosom 1997;66:50-55. https://doi.org/10.1159/000289106