Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment

Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment (한국대기환경학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Exposure Assessments for Children in Homes and in Daycare Centers to NO2, PMs and Black Carbon

  • Lee, Jae Young (Institute of Health and Environment and Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University) ;
  • Kim, Changhyeok (Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)) ;
  • Kim, Jongbum (Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)) ;
  • Ryu, Sung Hee (Research Management Team, R&D Center for Green Patrol Technologies) ;
  • Bae, Gwi-Nam (Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST))
  • Received : 2018.02.23
  • Accepted : 2018.05.17
  • Published : 2018.09.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Indoor air quality was investigated in homes and daycares located in areas with heavy traffic in Seoul, South Korea from November 2013 to January 2014. Indoor and outdoor air quality measurements were collected for 48 hours in four children's homes and daycare centers. The I/O ratio (Indoor to outdoor ratio) for each major air pollutant ($NO_2$, black carbon, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$) was calculated, and $NO_2$ and $PM_{10}$ concentration profiles were analyzed based on indoor activity diaries recorded during the 48 hours. Most I/O ratios for $NO_2$, black carbon, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ at daycare centers were less than one. At homes, I/O ratios for black carbon, $PM_{10}$, and $PM_{2.5}$ were less than one; however, most I/O ratios for $NO_2$ were greater than one due to the usage of gas stoves. The children's exposure to indoor air pollutants was calculated using a time-weighted average exposure method, and the daily intake level for each pollutant was determined.

Keywords

References

  1. Belanger, K., Gent, J.F., Triche, E.W., Bracken, M.B., Leaderer, B.P. (2006) Association of indoor nitrogen dioxide exposure with respiratory symptoms in children with asthma. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 173, 297-303. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200408-1123OC
  2. Brauer, M., Hoek, G., Van Vliet, P., Meliefste, K., Fischer, P.H., Wijga, A., Koopman, L.P., Neijens, H.J., Gerritsen, J., Kerkhof, M., Heinrich, J., Bellander, T., Brunerkreef, B. (2002) Air pollution from traffic and the development of respiratory infections and asthmatic and allergic symptoms in children. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 166, 1092-1098. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200108-007OC
  3. Buonanno, G., Stabile, L., Morawska, L., Russi, A. (2013) Child exposure assessment to ultrafine particles and black carbon: the role of transport and cooking activities. Atmospheric Environment 79, 53-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.041
  4. Demirel, G., Ozden, O., DOgeroglu, T., Gaga, E.O. (2014) Personal exposure of primary school children to BTEX, $NO_2$ and ozone in EskiSehir, Turkey: relationship with indoor/outdoor concentrations and risk assessment. Science of the Total Environment 473-474, 537-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.034
  5. Fisher, P.H., Hoek, G., Van Reeuwijk, H., Briggs, D.J., Lebret, E., van Wijnen, J.H., Kingham, S., Elliott, P.E. (2000) Traffic-related differences in outdoor and indoor concentrations of particles and volatile organic compounds in Amsterdam. Atmospheric Environment 34, 3713-3722. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00067-4
  6. Garrett, M.H., Hooper, M.A., Hooper, B.M., Abramson, M.J. (1998) Respiratory symptoms in children and indoor exposure to nitrogen dioxide and gas stoves. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 158, 891-895. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.158.3.9701084
  7. Guo, Y., Kannan, K. (2011) Comparative assessment of human exposure to phthalate esters from house dust in China and the United States. Environmental Science and Technology 45, 3788-3794. https://doi.org/10.1021/es2002106
  8. Habil, M., Taneja, A. (2011) Children's Exposure to Indoor Particulate Matter in Naturally Ventilated Schools in India. Indoor and Built Environment 20, 430-448. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X11409455
  9. Habil, M., Massey, D., Taneja, A. (2013) Exposure of children studying in schools of India to PM levels and metal contamination: sources and their identification. Air Quality, Atmosphere and Health 6, 575-587. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-013-0201-3
  10. Happo, M., Markkanen, A., Markkanen, P., Jalava, P., Kuuspalo, K., Leskinen, A., Sippula, O., Lehtinen, K., Jokiniemi, J., Hirvonen, M.R. (2013) Seasonal variation in the toxicological properties of size-segregated indoor and outdoor air particulate matter. Toxicology in Vitro 27, 1550-1561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2013.04.001
  11. Hassanvand, M.S., Naddafi, K., Faridi, S., Arhami, M., Nabizadeh, R., Sowlat, M.H., Pourpak, Z., Rastkari, N., Momeniha, F., Kashani, H., Gholampour, A., Nazmara, S., Alimohammadi, M., Goudarzi, G., Yunesian, M. (2014) Indoor/outdoor relationships of $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$, and $PM_1$ mass concentrations and their water-soluble ions in a retirement home and a school dormitory. Atmospheric Environment 82, 375-382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.048
  12. Hwang, B.F., Lee, Y.L., Jaakkola, J.J.K., Guo, Y.L. (2005) Traffic related air pollution as a determinant of asthma among Taiwanese school children. Thorax 60, 467-473. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2004.033977
  13. Janssen, N.A.H., van Vliet, P.H.N., Aarts, F., Harssema, H., Brunekreef, B. (2001) Assessment of exposure to traffic related air pollution of children attending schools near motorways. Atmospheric Environment 35, 3875-3884. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00144-3
  14. Janssen, N.A.H., Brunekreef, B., van Vliet, P., Aarts, F., Meliefste, K., Harssema, H., Fischer, P. (2003) The relationship between air pollution from heavy traffic and allergic sensitization, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and respiratory symptoms in Dutch schoolchildren. Environmental Health Perspectives 111, 1512-1518. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6243
  15. Janssen, N.A.H., Hoek, G., Simic-Lawson, M., Fischer, P., van Bree, L., ten Brink, H., Keuken, M., Atkinson, R.W., Anderson, H.R., Brunekreef, B., Cassee1, F.R. (2011) Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse health effects of airborne particles compared with $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$. Environmental Health Perspectives 119, 1691-1699. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1003369
  16. Kornartit, C., Sokhi, R.S., Burton, M.A., Ravindra, K. (2010) Activity pattern and personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide in indoor and outdoor microenvironments. Environment International 36, 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2009.09.004
  17. Krugly, E., Martuzevicius, D., Sidaraviciute, R., Ciuzas, D., Prasauskas, T., Kauneliene, V., Stasiulaitiene, I., Kliucininkas, L. (2014) Characterization of particulate and vapor phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in indoor and outdoor air of primary schools. Atmospheric Environment 82, 298-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.10.042
  18. Langer, S., Weschler, C.J., Fischer, A., BekO, G., Toftum, J., Clausen, G. (2010) Phthalate and PAH concentrations in dust collected from Danish homes and daycare centers. Atmospheric Environment 44, 2294-2301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.04.001
  19. Lee, Y.L., Su, H.J., Sheu, H.M., Yu, H.S., Guo, Y.L. (2008) Traffic-related air pollution, climate, and prevalence of eczema in Taiwanese school children. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 128, 2412-2420. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2008.110
  20. Liu, Y., Chen, R., Shen, X., Mao, X. (2004) Wintertime indoor air levels of $PM_{10}$, $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_1$ at public places and their contributions to TSP. Environment International 30, 189-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-4120(03)00173-9
  21. Martuzevicius, D., Grinshpun, S.A., Lee, T., Hu, S., Biswas, P., Reponen, T., LeMasters, G. (2008) Traffic-related $PM_{2.5}$ aerosol in residential houses located near major highways: Indoor versus outdoor concentrations. Atmospheric Environment 42, 6575-6585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.05.009
  22. Massey, D., Masih, J., Kulshrestha, A., Habil, M., Taneja, A. (2009) Indoor/outdoor relationship of fine particles less than $2.5{\mu}m$ ($PM_{2.5}$) in residential homes locations in central Indian region. Building and Environment 44, 2037-2045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.02.010
  23. Massey, D., Kulshrestha, A., Masih, J., Taneja, A. (2012) Seasonal trends of $PM_{10}$, $PM_{5.0}$ and $PM_{1.0}$ in indoor and outdoor environments of residential homes located in North-Central India. Building and Environment 47, 223-231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.018
  24. Massey, D., Kulshrestha, A., Taneja, A. (2013) Particulate matter concentrations and their related metal toxicity in rural residential environment of semi-arid region of India. Atmospheric Environment 67, 278-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.11.002
  25. Ormstad, H. (2000) Suspended particulate matter in indoor air: adjuvants and allergen carriers. Toxicology 152, 53-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(00)00292-4
  26. Pegas, P.N., Nunes, T., Alves, C.A., Silva, J.R., Vieira, S.L.A., Caseiro, A., Pio, C.A. (2012) Indoor and outdoor characterization of organic and inorganic compounds in city centre and suburban elementary schools of Aveiro, Portugal. Atmospheric Environment 55, 80-89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.03.059
  27. Penard-Morand, C., Raherison, D., Charpin, D., Kopferschmitt, C., Lavaud, F., Caillaud, D., Annesi-Maesano, I. (2010) Long-term exposure to close-proximity air pollution and asthma and allergies in urban children. European Respiratory Journal 36, 33-40. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00116109
  28. Roda, C., Barral, S., Ravelomanantsoa, H., Dusseaux, M., Tribout, M., Moullec, Y.L., Momas, I. (2011) Assessment of indoor environment in Paris child day care centers. Environmental Research 111, 1010-1017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2011.06.009
  29. Smith, B.J., Nitschke, M., Pilotto, L.S., Ruffin, R.E., Pisaniello, D.L., Wilson, K.J. (2000) Health effects of daily indoor nitrogen dioxide exposure in people with asthma. European Respiratory Journal 16, 879-885. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00.16587900
  30. Studnicka, M., Hackl, E., Pischinger, J., Fangmeyer, C., Haschke, N., Kuhr, J., Urbanek, R., Neumann, M., Frischer, T. (1997) Traffic-related $NO_2$ and the prevalence of asthma. European Respiratory Journal 10, 2275-2278. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.97.10102275
  31. Tian, L., Zhang, W., Lin, Z.Q., Zhang, H.S., Xi, Z.G., Chen, J.H., Wang, W. (2012) Impact of traffic emissions on local air quality and the potential toxicity of traffic-related particulates in Beijing, China. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 25(6), 663-671. https://doi.org/10.3967/0895-3988.2012.06.008
  32. Tippayawong, N., Khuntong, P., Nitatwichit, C., Khunatorn, Y., Tantakitti, C. (2009) Indoor/outdoor relationships of size-resolved particle concentrations in naturally ventilated school environments. Building and Environment 44, 188-197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2008.02.007
  33. Vanderstraeten, P., Forton, M., Brasseur, O., Offer, Z.Y. (2011) Black carbon instead of particle mass concentration as an indicator for the traffic related particles in the Brussels Capital Region. Journal of Environmental Protection 2, 525-532. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2011.25060
  34. van Vliet, P., Knape, M., de Hartog, J., Janssen, N., Harssema, H., Brunekreef, B. (1997) Motor vehicle exhaust and chronic respiratory symptoms in children living near freeways. Environmental Research 74, 122-132. https://doi.org/10.1006/enrs.1997.3757
  35. Wichmann, J., Lind, T., Nilsson, M.A.M., Bellander, T. (2010) $PM_{2.5}$, soot and $NO_2$ indoor-outdoor relationships at homes, pre-schools and schools in Stockholm, Sweden. Atmospheric Environment 44, 4536-4544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.08.023
  36. Zanobetti, A., Baccarelli, B., Schwartz, J. (2011) Gene-air pollution interaction and cardiovascular disease: a review. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 53, 344-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcad.2011.01.001
  37. Zhang, L., Wang, F., Ji, Y., Jiao, J., Zou, D., Liu, L., Shan, C., Bai, Z., Sun, Z. (2014) Phthalate esters (PAEs) in indoor $PM_{10}$/$PM_{2.5}$ and human exposure to PAEs via inhalation of indoor air in Tianjin, China. Atmospheric Environment 85, 139-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.068
  38. Zuraimi, M.S., Tham, K.W. (2008) Indoor air quality and its determinants in tropical child care centers. Atmospheric Environment 42, 2225-2239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.041