DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Analysis of Physiological Activity and Cytotoxicity of Fermented and Hot Water Extracts Using Residues after Onion Harvest

양파 수확 후 잔재물을 이용한 발효 및 열수 추출물의 생리활성과 세포독성 분석

  • Kim, Tae-Won (Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Lee, Geon-Hee (Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Jeon, Byeong-Gyun (Department of Biology Education, Gyeongsang National University) ;
  • Lee, Sung-Ho (Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University)
  • 김태원 (경상대학교 농업생명과학연구원) ;
  • 이건희 (경상대학교 생명과학부) ;
  • 전병균 (경상대학교 생물교육학과) ;
  • 이성호 (경상대학교 생명과학부)
  • Received : 2018.07.27
  • Accepted : 2018.09.11
  • Published : 2018.10.30

Abstract

In order to utilize the residue that is thrown away after an onion harvest, we analyzed the physiological activity and cytotoxicity of fermented and hot water extracts of the residue. The pH of the extracts were all acidic, and organic matter content was 0.75% in the fermented extract and four times more than 0.19% in the hot water extract. The contents of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, calcium, and magnesium components, except for the potassium component among macroelements, were higher in the fermented extract than in the hot water extract. The content of iron and silicon among the micro-elements was also higher in the fermented extract than in the hot water extract. In addition, the content of boron was higher in the hot water extract than in the fermented extract. The total polyphenol contents of the fermented and hot water extracts were $16.2{\pm}3.3mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ and $14.6{\pm}1.4mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$, respectively, which was $1.6mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ higher in the fermented extract than in the hot water extract. However, the total flavonoid contents of the fermented and hot water extracts were $0.1{\pm}0.1mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ and $4.8{\pm}0.7mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$, respectively, which was $4.7mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ higher in the hot water extract than in the fermented extract. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging ability for antioxidant activity were higher in the hot water extract than the fermented extract. The cytotoxicity of the extract using MTT assay showed cell viability of 101.6% and 97.9% in the fermented and hot water extracts, respectively. It was confirmed that there was no cytotoxicity in either extract.

본 연구에서는 양파 수확 후 버려지는 잔재물의 활용가치를 위해 이들로부터 추출한 발효 추출물과 열수 추출물의 생리활성과 세포독성을 분석하고자 하였다. 추출물의 pH는 모두 산성을 나타내었고, 유기물 함량은 발효 추출물에서 0.75%로 열수 추출물의 0.19% 보다 4배 많이 함유되었다. 다량원소 중 칼륨성분을 제외한 질소, 인산, 칼슘, 마그네슘성분의 함량은 발효 추출물에서 열수 추출물 보다 높게 나타내었고, 미량원소 중 철과 규소성분의 함량도 발효 추출물에서 열수 추출물 보다 높았으며, 반면에 붕소성분의 함량은 열수 추출물에서 발효 추출물 보다 높게 검출되었다. 총 폴리페놀 함량은 발효 추출물에서 $16.2{\pm}3.3mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$로 열수 추출물의 총 폴리페놀 함량인 $14.6{\pm}1.4mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ 보다 $1.6mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ 높게 나타내었다. 반면에 총 플라보노이드 함량은 열수 추출물에서 $4.8{\pm}0.7mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$로서 발효 추출물의 함량인 $0.1{\pm}0.1mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ 보다 $4.7mg{\cdot}g^{-1}$ 높게 나타내었다. DPPH와 ABTS radical 소거능력은 모두 열수 추출물에서 발효 추출물 보다 높은 항산화력을 보였다. MTT assay를 이용한 추출물의 세포독성 실험에서는 발효 추출물과 열수 추출물에서 각각 101.6%와 97.9%의 세포생존율을 나타내어 두 추출물 모두 세포독성이 없는 것으로 확인되었다.

Keywords

References

  1. An, N. H., Jo, Y. S., Jo, J. R., Kim, Y. K., Lee, Y., Jee, H. J., Lee, S. M., Park, K. L. and Lee, B. M. 2012. The survey of actual using conditions of farm-made liquid fertilizers for cultivating environment-friendly agricultural products. Kor. J. Organic Agri. 20, 345-356.
  2. Appel, H. M., Govenor, H. L., D'Ascenzo, M., Siska, E. and Schultz, J. C. 2001. Limitation of folin assays of foliar phenolics in ecological studies. J. Chem. Ecol. 27, 761-778. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010306103643
  3. Bahorun, T., Luximon-Ramma, A., Crozier, A. and Aruoma, O. I. 2004. Total phenol, flavonoid, proanthocyanidin and vitamin C levels and antioxidant activities of Mauritian vegetables. J. Sci. Food Agric. 84, 1553-1561.
  4. Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E. and Berset, C. 1995. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 28, 25-30.
  5. Chang, M. S., An, S. J., Jeong, M. C., Kim, D. M. and Kim, G. H. 2011. Effects of antioxidative activities and antibrowning of extracts from onion, apple and mandarin orange peel as natural antibrowning agents. Kor. J. Food Nutr. 24, 406-413.
  6. Cho, Y. S. 2015. Effect of application amount of liquid fertilizer produced from tomato residue on the fruit growth and composition of organic tomatoes. M.S. dissertation, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea.
  7. Choi, W. S., Kwon, H. S., No, R. H., Choi, G. P. and Lee, H. Y. 2013. Enhancement of anti-inflammatory activities of fermented scutellaria baicalensis extracts using Lactobacillus rhamnosus. J. Soc. Cosmet. Scientists Korea 39, 303-311. https://doi.org/10.15230/SCSK.2013.39.4.303
  8. Doh, E. S., Chang, J. P., Kil, K. J., Choi, M. S., Yang, J. K., Yun, C. W., Jeong, S. M., Jung, Y. H. and Lee, G. H. 2011. Antioxidative activity and cytotoxicity of fermented Allium victorialis L. extract. Kor. J. Plant Res. 24, 30-39.
  9. Higa, T. 2001. Effective microorganisms in the context of Kyusei Nature Farming: a technology for the future. In: Senanayake YDA, Sangakkara UR(Eds.), Sixth International conference on Kyusei Nature Farming. pp. 40-43. Pretoria, South Africa.
  10. Jang, J. R. and Lim, S. Y. 2009. Effects of onion flesh and peel on chemical components, antioxidant and anticancer activities. J. Life Sci. 19, 1598-1604.
  11. Jeon, B. S., Park, J. W., Kim, B. K., Kim, H. K., Jung, T. S., Hahm, J. R., Kim, D. R., Cho, Y. S. and Cha, J. Y. 2005. Fermented mushroom milk supplemented dietary fiber prevents the onset of obesity and hypertriglyceridemia in Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats. Diabetes Obes Metab. 7, 709-715. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2005.00456.x
  12. Jeong, C. H., Kim, J. H. and Shim, K. H. 2006. Chemical components of yellow and red onion. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 35, 708-712. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2006.35.6.708
  13. Jia, Z., Tang, M. and Wu, J. 1999. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food Chem. 64, 555-559. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2
  14. Joung, E. M. and Jung, K. H. 2014. Antioxidant activity of onion (Allium cepa L.) peel extracts obtained as onion byproducts. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 46, 364-368.
  15. Kim, C. H., Lee, M. A., Kim, T. W., Jang, J. Y. and Kim, H. J. 2012. Anti-inflammatory effect of Allium hookeri root methanol extract in LPS-induced RAW264.7cells. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 41, 1645-1648. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2012.41.11.1645
  16. Kim, J. M., Kim, J. S. and Park, E. J. 2013. Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory effects of onion peel extract on lipopolysaccharide stimulated human colon carcinoma cells. Food Chem. Toxicol. 62, 199-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.08.045
  17. Kim, K. H., Kim, H. J., Byun, M. W. and Yook, H. S. 2012. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of ethanol extract from six vegetables containing different sulfur compounds. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 41, 577-583. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2012.41.5.577
  18. Kim, T. W., Lee, C. H., Bak, Y. D., Min, Y. B. and Lee, S. H. 2015. Productivity and quality characteristics of onions applied with defective onion and purslane extracts during cultivation. J. Agric. Life Sci. 49, 37-46.
  19. Kim, T. W., Jeon, B. G. and Lee, S. H. 2017. Effect of a mixture of extracts from residues of onion left after onion harvesting and purslane (Portulaca oleracea) on productivity and quality characteristics of organic onions. J. Life Sci. 27, 1430-1436.
  20. Lee, C. H., Lee, S. D., Lee, S. H., Min, Y. B., Kim, H. R. and Lee, Y. H. 2013. Effect of defective onion extract on the onion productivity by organic farming. Kor. J. Soil Sci. Fert. 46, 40-48. https://doi.org/10.7745/KJSSF.2013.46.1.040
  21. Lee, G. J., Jeon, J. O., Park, J. H., Nam, S. Y. and Kim, T. J. 2011. The manufacturing characteristics of organic liquid fertilizer with poultry manure, soybean meal, and rice bran. J. Kor. Org. Agr. 19, 577-587.
  22. Lee, Y. R., Hwang, I. G., Woo, K. S., Kim, D. J., Hong, J. T. and Jeong, H. S. 2007. Antioxidative activities of the ethyl acetate fraction from heated onion (Allium cepa). Food Sci. Biotechnol. 16, 1041-1045.
  23. Lin, J. Y. and Tang, C. Y. 2007. Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents in selected fruits and vegetables, as well as their stimulatory effects on mouse splenocyte proliferation. Food Chem. 101, 140-147.
  24. Marinova, D., Ribarova, F. and Atanassova, M. 2005. Total phenolics and total flavonoids in Bulgarian fruits and vegetables. Journal of the University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy 40, 255-260.
  25. Moon, J. S., Kim, H. D., Ha, I. J., Lee, S. Y., Lee, J. T. and Lee, S. D. 2010. Chemical component of red onion (Allium cepa L.) according to cultivars and growing areas. Kor. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 28, 921-927.
  26. Moon, J. Y., Do, H. J., Kim, O. Y. and Shin, M. J. 2013. Antiobesity effects of quercetin-rich onion peel extract on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and the adipogenesis in high fat-fed rats. Food Chem. Toxicol. 58, 347-354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.006
  27. Mosmann, T. 1983. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J. Immunol. Meth. 64, 55-63.
  28. Park, H. M. and Hong, J. H. 2014. Effect if extraction methods on antioxidant activities of Mori ramulus. J. Kor. Soc. Food Sci. Nutr. 43, 1709-1715. https://doi.org/10.3746/jkfn.2014.43.11.1709
  29. Ra, K. S., Suh, H. J., Chung, S. H. and Son, J. Y. 1997. Antioxidant activity of solvent extract from onion skin. Kor. J. Food Sci. Technol. 29, 595-600.
  30. Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M. and Rice-Evans, C. 1999. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 26, 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
  31. Shon, M. Y. and Park, S. K. 2006. Chemical components and nitrite scavenging activity of various solvent extract from onions. Kor. J. Food Preserv. 13, 762-768.
  32. Wang, B. S., Chen, J. H., Liang, Y. C. and Duh, P. D. 2005. Effects of welsh onion on oxidation of low-density lipoprotein and nitric oxide production in macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Food Chem. 91, 147-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.06.009
  33. Wang, Y., Tian, W. X. and Ma, X. F. 2012. Inhibitory effects of onion (Allium cepa L.) extract on proliferation of cancer cells and adipocytes via inhibiting fatty acid synthase. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 13, 5573-5579. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2012.13.11.5573
  34. Won, K. Y. and Oh, K. K. 2009. Optimization the xylose fractionation conditions of pepper stem with dilute sulfuric acid. KSBB J. 24, 361-366.
  35. Yang, Y. R. and Park, Y. K. 2011. Black onions manufactured via the browning reaction and antioxidant effects of their water extracts. Kor. J. Food Preserv. 18, 310-318. https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2011.18.3.310
  36. Yang, Y. R. and Park, Y. K. 2011. Comparison of antioxidant activities of black onion extracts. Kor. J. Food Preserv. 18, 954-960. https://doi.org/10.11002/kjfp.2011.18.6.954
  37. Zhang, S. L., Deng, P., Xu, Y. C., Lü, S. W. and Whang, J. J. 2016. Quantification and analysis of anthocyanin and flavonoids compositions, and antioxidant activities in onions with three different colors. J. Integr. Agric. 15, 60345-60347.