Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome

Korean Society for the Study of Obesity (대한비만학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Dynamic Energy Balance and Obesity Prevention

  • Yoo, Sunmi (Department of Family Medicine, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital)
  • Received : 2018.08.21
  • Accepted : 2018.10.05
  • Published : 2018.12.30
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Dynamic energy balance can give clinicians important answers for why obesity is so resistant to control. When food intake is reduced for weight control, all components of energy expenditure change, including metabolic rate at rest (resting energy expenditure [REE]), metabolic rate of exercise, and adaptive thermogenesis. This means that a change in energy intake influences energy expenditure in a dynamic way. Mechanisms associated with reduction of total energy expenditure following weight loss are likely to be related to decreased body mass and enhanced metabolic efficiency. Reducing calorie intake results in a decrease in body weight, initially with a marked reduction in fat free mass and a decrease in REE, and this change is maintained for several years in a reduced state. Metabolic adaptation, which is not explained by changes in body composition, lasts for more than several years. These are powerful physiological adaptations that induce weight regain. To avoid a typically observed weight-loss and regain trajectory, realistic weight loss goals should be established and maintained for more than 1 year. Using a mathematical model can help clinicians formulate advice about diet control. It is important to emphasize steady efforts for several years to maintain reduced weight over efforts to lose weight. Because obesity is difficult to reverse, clinicians must prioritize obesity prevention. Obesity prevention strategies should have high feasibility, broad population reach, and relatively low cost, especially for young children who have the smallest energy gaps to change.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

Supported by : Inje University

References

  1. GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators, Afshin A, Forouzanfar MH, Reitsma MB, Sur P, Estep K, et al. Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years. N Engl J Med 2017;377:13-27. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1614362
  2. NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Trends in adult body-mass index in 200 countries from 1975 to 2014: a pooled analysis of 1698 population-based measurement studies with 19.2 million participants. Lancet 2016;387:1377-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30054-X
  3. Korean Society for the Study of Obesity. 2018 Clinical practice guidelines for overweight and obesity. Seoul: Committee of Clinical Guideline, Korean Society for the Study of Obesity; 2018.
  4. Guth E. JAMA patient page: healthy weight loss. JAMA 2014;312:974. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.10929
  5. Shils ME, Shike M, Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ. Modern nutrition in health and disease. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006.
  6. Byrne NM, Meerkin JD, Laukkanen R, Ross R, Fogelholm M, Hills AP. Weight loss strategies for obese adults: personalized weight management program vs. standard care. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2006;14:1777-88. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2006.205
  7. Thomas DM, Martin CK, Lettieri S, Bredlau C, Kaiser K, Church T, et al. Can a weight loss of one pound a week be achieved with a 3500-kcal deficit? Commentary on a commonly accepted rule. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013;37:1611-3. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2013.51
  8. Hall KD, Sacks G, Chandramohan D, Chow CC, Wang YC, Gortmaker SL, et al. Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight. Lancet 2011;378:826-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60812-X
  9. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. Body weight planner [Internet]. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases; 2011 [cited 2018 Aug 18]. Available from: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/bwp
  10. Thomas DM, Ciesla A, Levine JA, Stevens JG, Martin CK. A mathematical model of weight change with adaptation. Math Biosci Eng 2009;6:873-87. https://doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2009.6.873
  11. Pennington Biomedical Research Center. Weight loss predictor [Internet]. Baton Rouge, LA: Pennington Biomedical Research Center; 2009 [cited 2018 Aug 18]. Available from: http://www.pbrc.edu/research-and-faculty/calculators/weight-loss-predictor/
  12. Muller MJ, Enderle J, Bosy-Westphal A. Changes in energy expenditure with weight gain and weight loss in humans. Curr Obes Rep 2016;5:413-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-016-0237-4
  13. Schwartz MW, Seeley RJ, Zeltser LM, Drewnowski A, Ravussin E, Redman LM, et al. Obesity pathogenesis: an endocrine society scientific statement. Endocr Rev 2017;38:267-96. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2017-00111
  14. Bray GA, Flatt JP, Volaufova J, Delany JP, Champagne CM. Corrective responses in human food intake identified from an analysis of 7-d food-intake records. Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1504-10. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.26289
  15. Roser M, Ritchie H. Food per person [Internet]. Oxford: Our World in Data; 2017 [cited 2018 Nov 17]. Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/food-per-person
  16. Benton D, Young HA. Reducing calorie intake may not help you lose body weight. Perspect Psychol Sci 2017;12:703-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617690878
  17. Speakman JR, Levitsky DA, Allison DB, Bray MS, de Castro JM, Clegg DJ, et al. Set points, settling points and some alternative models: theoretical options to understand how genes and environments combine to regulate body adiposity. Dis Model Mech 2011;4:733-45. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.008698
  18. Greenway FL. Physiological adaptations to weight loss and factors favouring weight regain. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015;39:1188-96. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2015.59
  19. Heymsfield SB, Thomas D, Nguyen AM, Peng JZ, Martin C, Shen W, et al. Voluntary weight loss: systematic review of early phase body composition changes. Obes Rev 2011;12:e348-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00767.x
  20. Muller MJ, Enderle J, Pourhassan M, Braun W, Eggeling B, Lagerpusch M, et al. Metabolic adaptation to caloric restriction and subsequent refeeding: the Minnesota Starvation Experiment revisited. Am J Clin Nutr 2015;102:807-19. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.115.109173
  21. Johannsen DL, Knuth ND, Huizenga R, Rood JC, Ravussin E, Hall KD. Metabolic slowing with massive weight loss despite preservation of fat-free mass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2012;97:2489-96. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2012-1444
  22. Fothergill E, Guo J, Howard L, Kerns JC, Knuth ND, Brychta R, et al. Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after "The Biggest Loser" competition. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016;24:1612-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.21538
  23. Hall KD. Diet versus exercise in “the biggest loser” weight loss competition. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2013;21:957-9. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20065
  24. Dhurandhar EJ, Kaiser KA, Dawson JA, Alcorn AS, Keating KD, Allison DB. Predicting adult weight change in the real world: a systematic review and meta-analysis accounting for compensatory changes in energy intake or expenditure. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015;39:1181-7. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.184
  25. Hall KD. Predicting metabolic adaptation, body weight change, and energy intake in humans. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2010;298:E449-66. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00559.2009
  26. Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Lo SK, Westerterp KR, Rush EC, Rosenbaum M, et al. Estimating the changes in energy flux that characterize the rise in obesity prevalence. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;89:1723-8. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.27061
  27. Gortmaker SL, Swinburn BA, Levy D, Carter R, Mabry PL, Finegood DT, et al. Changing the future of obesity: science, policy, and action. Lancet 2011;378:838-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60815-5
  28. Basu S, Seligman H, Winkleby M. A metabolic-epidemiological microsimulation model to estimate the changes in energy intake and physical activity necessary to meet the Healthy People 2020 obesity objective. Am J Public Health 2014;104:1209-16. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301674
  29. Kim S, Sung E, Yoo S. Evidence of interventions for preventing obesity of children and adolescents using existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Korean J Health Promot 2016;16:231-50. https://doi.org/10.15384/kjhp.2016.16.4.231
  30. Gortmaker SL, Long MW, Resch SC, Ward ZJ, Cradock AL, Barrett JL, et al. Cost effectiveness of childhood obesity interventions: evidence and methods for CHOICES. Am J Prev Med 2015;49:102-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.03.032
  31. Silver LD, Ng SW, Ryan-Ibarra S, Taillie LS, Induni M, Miles DR, et al. Changes in prices, sales, consumer spending, and beverage consumption one year after a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages in Berkeley, California, US: a before-and-after study. PLoS Med 2017;14:e1002283. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002283
  32. Wright DR, Taveras EM, Gillman MW, Horan CM, Hohman KH, Gortmaker SL, et al. The cost of a primary care-based childhood obesity prevention intervention. BMC Health Serv Res 2014;14:44. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-14-44
  33. Quattrin T, Cao Y, Paluch RA, Roemmich JN, Ecker MA, Epstein LH. Cost-effectiveness of family-based obesity treatment. Pediatrics 2017;140:e20162755. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2755

Cited by

  1. Behavioral Research Agenda in a Multietiological Approach to Child Obesity Prevention vol.15, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1089/chi.2019.0052
  2. A Critical Review on the Role of Food and Nutrition in the Energy Balance vol.12, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12041161
  3. Dietary Options for Rodents in the Study of Obesity vol.12, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12113234