Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety (한국식품위생안전성학회지)

The Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety (한국식품위생안전성학회)
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Elucidation of Dishes High in N-Nitrosamines Using Total Diet Study Data

총식이조사 자료를 이용한 음식별 니트로사민 함량 분포 규명

  • Choi, Seul Ki (Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University) ;
  • Lee, Youngwon (Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University) ;
  • Seo, Jung-eun (Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University) ;
  • Park, Jong-eun (Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University) ;
  • Lee, Jee-yeon (Bureau of Health Industry Policy, Korea Health Industry Development Institute) ;
  • Kwon, Hoonjeong (Department of Food and Nutrition, Seoul National University)
  • 최슬기 (서울대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 이영원 (서울대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 서정은 (서울대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 박종은 (서울대학교 식품영양학과) ;
  • 이지연 (한국보건산업진흥원) ;
  • 권훈정 (서울대학교 식품영양학과)
  • Received : 2018.07.09
  • Accepted : 2018.08.10
  • Published : 2018.10.30
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Abstract

N-nitrosamines are probable or possible human carcinogens, which are produced by the reaction between secondary amines and nitrogen oxide in the acidic environment or by heating. Common risk assessment procedure involves the comparison between exposures expressed in the unit, mg/kg body weight/day and the Health-Based Reference dose expressed in the same unit. This procedure is suitable for the policy decision-making and is considered as inappropriate for the consumers to get information about their dietary decision-making. Therefore, the distributions of NDMA (N-nitrosodimethylamine), NDBA (N-nitrosodibutylamine), the six N-nitrosamines (NDMA, NDBA, NDEA (N-nitrosodiethylamine), NPYR (N-nitrosopyrrolidine), NPIP (N-nitrosopiperidine), and NMOR (N-nitrosomorpholine) in the menus grouped based on the presence of main ingredients and cooking methods were analyzed to generate consumer-friendly information regarding food contaminants. Recipes and intakes were taken from 2014 to 2016 KNHANES (The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey) and only the data from ages of 7 years or older were used. The contamination data were collected from the 2014~2016 Total Diet Study and all the analysis were performed using R software. Rockfish, eel, anchovy broth and pollock were mainly exposed to N-nitrosamines. In terms of cooking methods, soups and stews appeared to contain the highest amount of N-nitrosamines. Cereals, fruits, and dairy products in the ingredient categories, and rice dishes and rice combined with others in recipe categories had the lowest level exposure to N-nitrosamines. In case of N-nitrosamines, unlike other cooking related food contaminants, boiled dishes such as soups and stews and dishes mainly consisting of fishes and shellfishes had highest level of exposure, showing a large discrepancy with the previous thought of processed meat is the main source of N-nitrosamines.

니트로사민은 산성이나 열을 가했을 때 2급 아민과 질소산화물이 반응해서 생성되는 발암물질이다. 일반적으로 위해 물질에 대한 안전성평가는 그 노출량을 mg/kg body weight/day로 산출하여 독성기준치와 비교하는 방법을 사용한다. 이런 방법은 정책 근거자료로는 적합하나 소비자들에게 식생활 정보로 제공하기에 미진한 부분이 있다. 따라서 주재료 및 조리법으로 분류한 음식군에 대한 NDMA(N-nitrosodimethylamine), NDBA (N-nitrosodibutylamine) 및 6종 니트로사민(NDMA, NDBA, NDEA (N-nitrosodiethylamine), NPYR (N-nitrosopyrrolidine), NPIP (N-nitrosopiperidine), NMOR (N-nitrosomorpholine) 함량 분포를 파악하여 식습관 교육에 도움을 주고자 본 연구를 실시하였다. 2014~2016년 국민건강영양조사 24시간 회상법 자료를 사용하여 만 7세 이상을 연구 대상으로 음식별 레시피와 섭취량을 추출하였고, 2013~2015년 총식이조사 원자료를 바탕으로 음식 한끼니 제공량 내 니트로사민 함량 분포를 R프로그램으로 산출하였다. 볼락, 장어, 멸치 육수, 명태 등의 기여로 어패류 및 해조류를 주재료로 한 음식군은 섭취량과 상관없이 NDMA, NDBA 및 총 6종 니트로사민 모두에 대한 노출을 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 조리법에 따른 분류에서는 국 및 탕류와 찌개 및 전골류가 가장 크게 노출에 기여하는 것으로 나타났다. 곡류, 과실류 및 유제품류 주재료 음식군, 밥류 및 밥 외의 다른 재료를 부가한 음식군들의 니트로사민 노출에 대한 기여도는 매우 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 니트로사민의 경우 조리시 생성되는 여타 화합물과는 달리 국, 탕, 찌개, 전골 등 끓임을 주로 하는 음식과 어패류를 주재료로 하는 음식에서의 기여율이 매우 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 이는 기존에 가공육류를 니트로사민의 주노출원으로 생각하던 것과는 매우 큰 차이를 보인다.

Keywords

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